InPraiseofIdlenessByBertrandRussell《闲暇颂》中英文对照正如和我同时代的大多数人一样,我是在这样的谚语中长大的:“游手好闲,魔鬼也嫌。”Likemostofmygeneration,Iwasbroughtuponthesaying:'Satanfindssomemischiefforidlehandstodo.'我是个乖孩子,人们说什么,我就信什么。这种道德信条,让我勤奋工作至今。Beingahighlyvirtuouschild,IbelievedallthatIwastold,andacquiredaconsciencewhichhaskeptmeworkingharddowntothepresentmoment.但是,尽管我的道德信条仍控制着我的行动,我的看法却已经历了一场革命。Butalthoughmyconsciencehascontrolledmyactions,myopinionshaveundergonearevolution.我认为在这个世界上,人们做的工作实在是过多了。工作即美德的观念,对人们造成了极大的损害。现代工业国家需要宣扬一些与过去全然不同的信念。Ithinkthatthereisfartoomuchworkdoneintheworld,thatimmenseharmiscausedbythebeliefthatworkisvirtuous,andthatwhatneedstobepreachedinmodernindustrialcountriesisquitedifferentfromwhatalwayshasbeenpreached.大家都知道这个故事:到那不勒斯的游人看到十二个叫花子躺着晒太阳(事情发生在墨索里尼时代之前),要给其中最懒的一个一里拉,有十一个跳起来说自己最懒,该给自己,他却把钱给了第十二个。EveryoneknowsthestoryofthetravelerinNapleswhosawtwelvebeggarslyinginthesun(itwasbeforethedaysofMussolini),andofferedaliratothelaziestofthem.Elevenofthemjumpeduptoclaimit,sohegaveittothetwelfth.这个游人是对的。但是,在不欣赏地中海阳光的国家里,想要闲散就困难多了,得要大规模的宣传来开新风气。thistravelerwasontherightlines.ButincountrieswhichdonotenjoyMediterraneansunshineidlenessismoredifficult,andagreatpublicpropagandawillberequiredtoinaugurateit.我希望,在读了下面的文字后,基督教青年会的领袖们能掀起一场运动,劝导好青年们闲散一些。这样的话,我也算没白活了。Ihopethat,afterreadingthefollowingpages,theleadersoftheYMCAwillstartacampaigntoinducegoodyoungmentodonothing.Ifso,Ishallnothavelivedinvain.在我为懒惰进行辩解之前,我得先撇清一种我无法接受的说法:一个生活已经富足的人,如果还打算从事日常的职业,比如教书或打字,人们会说他(或她)这种行为是恶劣的,无异于从别人嘴里抢面包。Beforeadvancingmyownargumentsforlaziness,ImustdisposeofonewhichIcannotaccept.Wheneverapersonwhoalreadyhasenoughtoliveonproposestoengageinsomeeverydaykindofjob,suchasschool-teachingortyping,heorsheistoldthatsuchconducttakesthebreadoutofotherpeople'smouths,andisthereforewicked.如果这种说法不错,那我们大家就都只须闲呆着,我们的嘴里就能塞满面包了。Ifthisargumentwerevalid,itwouldonlybenecessaryforusalltobeidleinorderthatweshouldallhaveourmouthsfullofbread.说这话的人忘了,一个人赚的,通常都会花掉。花费的时候就提供了就业。Whatpeoplewhosaysuchthingsforgetisthatwhatamanearnsheusuallyspends,andinspendinghegivesemployment.把收入都花费掉时往别人嘴里塞的面包,同他赚的时候从别人嘴里挖出来的面包,是一样多的。Aslongasamanspendshisincome,heputsjustasmuchbreadintopeople'smouthsinspendingashetakesoutofotherpeople'smouthsinearning.由此看来,真正的坏蛋是存钱不用的人。Therealvillain,fromthispointofview,isthemanwhosaves.如果像寓言中的法国农民那样,把省下来的钱都藏在袜子里,显然就不能提供就业。Ifhemerelyputshissavingsinastocking,liketheproverbialFrenchpeasant,itisobviousthattheydonotgiveemployment.如果把储蓄拿去投资,事情就不那么显而易见了,会出现一些不同的情况。Ifheinvestshissavings,thematterislessobvious,anddifferentcasesarise.最常出现的一种情况是把储蓄借给政府。OneofthecommonestthingstodowithsavingsistolendthemtosomeGovernment.鉴于最文明的政府的大部分公共开支都用来支付过去的战争,或准备未来的战争,借钱给政府无异于莎士比亚剧中那些雇佣杀手的坏蛋。InviewofthefactthatthebulkofthepublicexpenditureofmostcivilizedGovernmentsconsistsinpaymentforpastwarsorpreparationforfuturewars,themanwholendshismoneytoaGovernmentisinthesamepositionasthebadmeninShakespearewhohiremurderers.人们节俭习惯的净效应是让借到钱的国家扩张军备。显然,人们倒不如把钱花掉更好些,即便是花在喝酒、赌博上。Thenetresultoftheman'seconomicalhabitsistoincreasethearmedforcesoftheStatetowhichhelendshissavings.Obviouslyitwouldbebetterifhespentthemoney,evenifhespentitindrinkorgambling.不过,会有人对我说,如果把储蓄投资在企业上,情况会完全不同。But,Ishallbetold,thecaseisquitedifferentwhensavingsareinvestedinindustrialenterprises.如果这些企业成功,生产些有用的东西,那倒还说得过去。可是,谁也不能否认,眼下多数企业是失败的。Whensuchenterprisessucceed,andproducesomethinguseful,thismaybeconceded.Inthesedays,however,noonewilldenythatmostenterprisesfail.这就是说,大量的人类劳动,本来可以用来生产些可供人享乐的东西,却生产了机器,而且一生产出来就被闲置,没给任何人带来益处。Thatmeansthatalargeamountofhumanlabor,whichmighthavebeendevotedtoproducingsomethingthatcouldbeenjoyed,wasexpendedonproducingmachineswhich,whenproduced,layidleanddidnogoodtoanyone.把储蓄投给濒临破产的企业,既害人也害己。Themanwhoinvestshissavingsinaconcernthatgoesbankruptisthereforeinjuringothersaswellashimself.如果把钱花在,比如说,搞些派对,朋友们会得到乐趣(我们希望如此),那些赚到钱的卖肉的、烤面包的、走私酒的,也都会高兴。Ifhespenthismoney,say,ingivingpartiesforhisfriends,they(wemayhope)wouldgetpleasure,andsowouldallthoseuponwhomhespentmoney,suchasthebutcher,thebaker,andthebootlegger.但是,如果把钱花在(比如说)替路面车辆铺设轨道,而那个地方根本没人要这种车子,那就是把大量的劳动耗费在没人得到快乐的道路上了。Butifhespendsit(letussay)uponlayingdownrailsforsurfacecardinsomeplacewheresurfacecarsturnoutnottobewanted,hehasdivertedamassoflaborintochannelswhereitgivespleasuretonoone.尽管如此,当他因投资失败而穷困时,他只会被人们视为时运不济的可怜的受害者,或者是一个挥霍浪费的家伙,仅此而已;而花钱做善事的人,却成了人们看不起的傻瓜和轻浮之人。Nevertheless,whenhebecomespoorthroughfailureofhisinvestmenthewillberegardedasavictimofundeservedmisfortune,whereasthegayspendthrift,whohasspenthismoneyphilanthropically,willbedespisedasafoolandafrivolousperson.说了这么多只是开场白。我要极其严肃地说的是:在当今世界上,工作即美德的信念,正在造成大量的祸害,幸福和繁荣之路在于有组织地减少工作。Allthisisonlypreliminary.Iwanttosay,inallseriousness,thatagreatdealofharmisbeingdoneinthemodernworldbybeliefinthevirtuousnessofwork,andthattheroadtohappinessandprosperityliesinanorganizeddiminutionofwork.首先,什么叫工作?工作有两种。第一是改变地面上或地面附近的物品与其他物品的相对位置;第二是让别人这么做。Firstofall:whatiswork?Workisoftwokinds:first,alteringthepositionofmatteratorneartheearth'ssurfacerelativelytoothersuchmatter;second,tellingotherpeopletodoso.第一种工作是不愉快的,报酬很少;第二种则令