温尼科特的核心概念

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1Basicconceptsconcerningthefirstyearoflife(D.W.Winnicott1896-1971)-glossary有关生命第一年的基本概念(温尼科特1896-1971)词汇表LeaKleinPhDfromIsrael丽雅·克莱因博士(以色列)张沛超博士译Primarymaternalpreoccupation-thisreferstothementalabilityofthemothertoprepareherselftothespecialsituationofbeingtotallydevotedtotheinfantatthefirsttimeafterbirth.Itisparalleltothephysicalabilitytobepregnantandgivebirth.Thisillnessisstartingattheendingpartofpregnancy,someweeksbeforeinfantisborn,andcontinuingforseveralweekslater.Themotherisextremelymentallyoccupiedwiththenewbornandthenidentifiesandtotallydevotedtohim,aslongasthestageoftotaldependency.Sosheisonewithherbaby.Heneedsitforhishealthydevelopment.Thisistheidealmother.Hecallsitillnessbecauseitislikeakindofovervaluedideaapsychotic.原初母性贯注:指母亲在第一时间将自己调整至完全奉献于初生儿的心理能力,这种能力是与可以怀孕和分娩的身体能力是平行的。这种“疾病”起始于婴儿临产前几周的孕期末期,并且持续到分娩几周后。只要婴儿仍然处于完全依赖期,母亲就极大程度地贯注于新生儿,并全心全意与之认同。所以健康的母亲和婴儿是一个整体,婴儿从中才能健康发育。之所以称之为“疾病”,是因为这有点像精神病性的“先占观念”。Idealmother-thisisthemotherwhichisneededforthenewbornathisfirstweeksoflife.Sheidentifieswiththebaby,sheistotallydevotedtohim,andsheistunedtoherbaby,fullyattentive,andsuppliesallhisneedsevenbyignoringherown.Bythissheprovideshimwiththeexperienceofomnipotencewhichisrequiredforhishealthydevelopment.理想的母亲:这是指初生儿在生命中的前几周所需要的母亲。她与婴儿认同,全心全意地奉献,调整自己以适应婴儿,忘我地满足他所有的需求。通过这些她让婴儿拥有全能的体验,这对于健康发展是很重要的。Goodenoughmother-isthemotherofthesecondstage,oftherelativedependence.Itrelatestothemother'sadaptationtoherinfant'sneedswhicharechangingslowly.shecannow,besensitiveenoughtoknowwhenandhowmuchher2infantcantoleratefailureandfrustration.Thisstrengthenshisabilitytodealwithreality,toacquiretheexperienceofhisabilitiesandstrength.足够好的母亲:这是指第二阶段——相对依赖阶段的母亲。这里指母亲对她的孩子逐渐变化的需求的适应。现在她可以足够的敏锐,以指导他的孩子何时、以何种方式忍受失落和挫折。这锻炼了他应对现实的能力,获得了体验自己能力的机会。Totaldependency-Thefirstweeksoflife,thereisnodistinctionbetweenbaby-mother.Thehuman-babyistotallyvulnerableandtotallydependentonanobjecttoprovidehisneedsforexisting.Theyareone.Heistotallydependentonherforhissurvival.W.claims:thereisnosuchthingasaninfant;thereisaninfantandamother.Whenhisneedsareperfectlymet,heacquiresthefeelingofomnipotencewhichisneededforhisdevelopment.完全依赖:生命第一周,母亲和婴儿之间全然不分。婴儿是如此的脆弱,以至于全然依赖他的客体提供生存的需求,他们成了一体。为了生存他必须全然依赖母亲。温尼科特说:没有婴儿这回事,只有母婴的联合体。如果他的需求被完美地满足,就会获得对于健康发展十分很必要的全能体验。RelativeDependency-isthesecondstageofdevelopment,whentheinfantcantoleratefailureandfrustration.Hisneedsarefulfilledbutnotalwaysimmediatelywhichisbuildinghisrelationswithreality.Itbringsuphealthydevelopment,whenitisoccurringwithmother'ssensitivitytohisability.相对依赖:发展的第二个阶段,婴儿开始忍受失落和挫折。他需要被满足,但并不总是即刻的,这奠定了他与现实的关系。如果母亲对他的能力敏锐地回应的话,他将会健康地发展。Primaryaggression-thisisthewayinfant'sbehaviorunderstoodbythemother,sometimesshefeelsheisaggressivetowardsherandcausingherphysicalpain(byhislittlehands-scratchher,legs-kickher,orhisgums-pressingtoostrongonhernippleswhensucking),hehasnointentiontohurtanyone,itisabehaviorwhichbythereactiontoit–willgetitsmeaninganddevelop.AggressionbyWinnicott–isareactiontoanoutsidestimulation.原初攻击性:母亲用原初攻击性以理解婴儿的行为。有时她感觉婴儿对她的攻击性,并给她带来身体上的疼痛(婴儿用他的小手抓母亲,用他的小腿踢她,当吮吸乳汁的时候用力地咬乳头),但他并无意伤害任何人,通过对这一举动的回应,该行为就能获得意义并发展。温尼科特认为攻击性是对外在刺激的反应。3Baby'sruthlessness–primitiveruthlessselfthisoccursbeforetheinfantisabletofeelconcern.Theconcernedself,whichmeanstheabilitytofeelconcern-,dependsforitsdevelopmentontheruthlessselfbeingallowedtobeexpressed.Itisoccurringatthetimeoftotaldependency.Themother,whosurvivesthisruthlessness,enablesthedevelopmentoftheconcernfortheobject.Whennotallowed,itremainssplittedandlateronthepersonisaggressiveandisnotawareofit.婴儿的无情:在婴儿发展出关心的能力之前,是某种“原始无情自体”的状态。“关心着的自体”,意味着拥有关心的能力,取决于无情自体被允许表达,才会从这种容受中发展出来。无情自体出现在完全依赖的阶段,如果母亲幸存于这种无情性,她将会使婴儿关心客体的能力得到发展。如果不被允许,那么无情自体就仍旧处于分裂中,随后这个人会变得有攻击性,自己却不能意识到。Holding-itisphysicalandmentallyfunctioningofthemother.Sheholdsthebabyinherarms,andholdshiminhermind.Theinfantisheldbythemotherandonlyunderstandslovethatisexpressedinphysicalterms,bylivehumanholding.Onlywithgoodenoughholding–theinfantdevelopsthecapacitytointegrateexperienceanddevelopasenseofIAM.Themother'sholdingfunctionisacrucialfactorinthebabyhealthdevelopment.抱持:母亲的身心功能。她用臂膀抱住婴儿,同时在内心里也抱住婴儿。婴儿被母亲拥抱,只能理解用身体语言表达的爱。只有被足够好的抱持,婴儿才能发展整合经验的能力,和一种“我存在”的感觉。母亲的抱持功能是婴儿健康发展的关键因素。Mirrorroleofmother-itisacrucialrole.Theinfantisdependentonhismother'sfacialresponseswhenhelooksintoherfaceinordertoestablishhissenseofself.Whenheseeshimselfinhismother'seyeshestartstohaveknowledgeofhimself.Wsays:WhenIlookIamseen,soIexist”.Thissilentcommunicationestablishesandenrichesthesenseoffeelingreal.Ifthemotherisbusywithherself,hermoods,maybedepression,frustrations,shedonotreflectthebaby,andhefeelsovercomebythisexpressionandabsorbedinit.Itcausesafailureinthebuildingofasolidpersonality.母亲的镜映功能:这是个重要的角色。婴儿依赖于当他凝视母亲的脸的时候母亲的表情回应,以建立他的自体感。当他看到他在母亲的眼镜里的自己时,开始获得了对他自身的知识。温尼科特说:“当我看到我被凝视,我就存在”。这种无声的交流建立并丰富了真实的感受。如果母亲自己太忙碌,或是她的情4绪低落,感受到挫折,而不回应婴儿,那么他就会为这种情绪所压倒,并且把这些摄入内心,这将带来稳定人格塑造的失败。Environment-theenvironmentisresponsibleforthehealthydevelopmentoftheinfant.Thefirstenvironmentisthemother.Thanfatherjoinsandsomerelativesandothercaretakers.The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