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Englishpoetry’sbasicelements:Meter(格律),rhyme（韵律）,alliteration（头韵）,stanza（诗节）iambictetrameter四步抑扬格anapestictrimester三步抑抑扬dactylicdimeter两步扬抑抑Malerhymes（阳韵）单词带有单音节Femalerhymes（阴韵）带有多音节formsofEnglishpoetry：ballad（歌谣）,sonnet（十四行诗）andblankverse（无韵诗）Italiansonne意大利十四行诗前octave(八行)韵律abbaabba后sestet(六行)韵律cdceceorcdecde.Englishsonnet也叫Shakespeareanababcdcdefefgg1.Shakespeare莎士比亚的Sonnet18（criticizedreligiouspersecution（宗教迫害），insatiablelustformoney(对金钱的贪求)bourgeoisegoism（利己主义），Eulogizedyouth,love,friendshippowerofhumanlife,worldlyhappiness）Inthispoet,Shakespearebelievesthathisbelovedbeautyisunparalleled(无双的)andeverlastingbecauseheisrepresentedinthepoetry.在诗的couplet处的conclusion是：Solongashumanbeingsexistintheworld,peoplewillappreciatethepoet’sbeloved’sbeautydescribedinthispoemandthenhisbeautywillbeeverlastingWhatdoesthepoemrevealaboutbeauty?Allbeautifulandnicethingsintheworldwilldisappear,butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.ThepoemrevealsShakespeare’sfaithinthepermanenceofpoetry,thelastingpowerofhumanartandthecreativepowerofhumanbeings.2WilliamWordsworth华兹华斯的SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays属于ballad，narrativepoem（infour-linedstanzaswithiambictetrameter抑扬四音部inoddnumberedlinesandiambictrimeter抑扬三音部inevennumberedlines）在这首诗中，Wordsworth用metaphor暗喻的手法先tocomparetheyoungladytoaviolet紫罗兰，美得modestandobscure谦逊。接着，Wordsworth用simile明喻的手法把女孩的beauty比喻成starshininginthesky，softmildandattractive“thedifferencetome”EventhoughLucy’sdeathisunnoticedbyothersandmakesnodifferencetotheworld,ithasmadeadifferencetoherlover,wholovesandvalueshersodeeplyandfeelsagreatpainanddeepgriefoverherdeath.Inthispoem,Lucyisasimpleandnaturalbeautyderivedfromhermodestygirl这首诗通过描述一个从叙事者的角度描述他爱人的美以及爱人的死对他造成的影响，来向读者reveal揭示commonandordinarypeoplehavetheirownvirtuesandsincerity，worthyofoursympathyandconcern。3.EmilyDickson的“BecauseICouldNotStopforDeath”这首诗前两节刻画了人类既想得到永生又想继续活下去的ambivalent矛盾的feeling整首诗大量的采用personification的修辞手法Theypassedaschool,fieldsofgazinggrain,andthesettingsun.Theschoolcouldrepresentheryouth;thefields,hermaturityofadulthood;thesettingsun,heroldage.揭示的主题：Presentlifeismoredesirablethanafterlife.TheRoadNotTaken（topicwriting）hispoemconsistsoffourstanzasoffivelines.TherhymeschemeisABAAB.Therearefourstressedsyllableseachline,varyingoniambictetrameterbase.Content：Thespeakerstandsinthewoods,consideringaforkintheroad.Bothwaysareequallywornandequallyoverlaidwithun-troddenleaves.Thespeakerchoosesone,tellinghimselfthathewilltaketheotheranotherday.Yetheknowsitisunlikelythathewillhavetheopportunitytodoso.Andheadmitsthatsomedayinthefuturehewillrecreatethescenewithaslighttwist:Hewillclaimthathetooktheless-traveledroadAnalysis:Easy-understandingwordsandstructure;freeandrelaxedstyle;resonantmetaphor;thechoiceswehaven’ttakenistheroadnottaken;however,thethemethepoetwantstorevealisnotsimple.Byusingthesymbolismandasustainedmetaphorofthechoicebetweenthedivergingroads,thepoetimpliesthatallofusmusttakepersonalresponsibilityforchoicesandthatourchoicesdeterminethecourseofourlives.InaStationoftheMetroEzraPound的作品modernismperiodThroughajuxtapositionoftwoimages–facesinasubwaycrowdandpetalsonabough,thepoetrepresentsthatthehumanandthenaturalwordsreflecteachother.thehaikuformofJapanese;文中的两个意象是一种Metaphorical隐喻的relationship。文中“apparition”一词，connotes不仅仅是这些人的外表看上去是lifeless,就连精神上都散发着一种indeference的气息。作者心情：joyousandexhilarationr-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-rE.E.Cummingsusehyphens连字号parentheses括号punctuations标点符号小说1.Emilybronte艾米莉勃朗特《呼啸山庄》WutheringHeights勃朗特三姐妹：Charlotte，Anny作者被称为是“theSphinx人面兽身ofmodernliterature”topicwriting2:thedifferencebetweenKate’sAPairofSilkStockingsandAStoryofAnHour在凯特的文中，女性被赋予了三个地位：sexuality,asawife;maternity,asamother;andindividuality,asahumanbeinginuniverse.Inthesetwostories,boththeheroinesplayedtheroleofacaringhousewifeandalovingmother.Theywerelimitedindomesticlifeandweresupposedtoidolize(醉心于)theirchildren,worshiptheirhusbandsandesteemitaholyprivilegetoefface（漠视）themselvesasindividualsandgrowwingsasministeringangels(救星).Inthefirststory,Mrs.Mallard’stheconflictisbetweenherdesireforphysicalandspiritualfreedomandherfearofbreakingtheconfinementofsocialnormsortheculturalconceptofgenderrole.Shehadthedesireforthefreedomofself-assertion.Afterknowingthetruththatherhusbanddoesn’tdie,Mrs.Mallarddiedfromheartdisease.Inthesecondstory,theconflictthatMrs.Sommerfacesisherresponsibilitytoherchildrenasopposedtoherownneedsforbeautifulthings.Asawifeandmother,Mrs.Sommeristender,devoted,dutifulandcaring.Herlifeseemstobehard,busyandpoor.Beforehermarriage,herlifeseemstobebetter,maybeshecouldaffordtobuyfinerthingsorgotootherplacestoenjoyherself.Shewantedtobacktothepastandtreatedherselfwellandacquiredsenseofself-attractiveness,self-enjoymentandself-worthiness.But,actually,shehastocomebacktoearthandbecomestheonethatonlycaresforotherswithoutasenseofself-existence.dramaticironiesandsituationalironies戏剧性讽刺和情境反讽synesthesia(联觉)visual视觉,auditory听觉,tactile触觉,gustatory味觉,olfactory嗅觉,kinaesthetic动觉KatherineMansfield的作品MissBrill文中的修辞手法：similesatirepersonificationsymbolsirony使用了thelimitedthird-personpointofviewRevea