ConceptualBlendingOutlines:Part1:IntroductionofConceptualBlengingPart2:VitalRelationsandCompressionPart3:ATaxonomyofIntegrationNetworks,MultipleBlendingandConstrainingBlendingTheoryPart4:ComparingBlendingTheorywithConceptualMetaphorPart5:ApplicationsofConceptualBlendingPart6:DrawbacksandConclusion1.1TheoriginsofBlendingTheory1.3Threecomponentprocessesconcerningemergentstructure1.2Theelementsofconceptualblending1.4ConstitutiveprocessesofBlendingTheory1.1TheoriginsofBlendingTheory•ConceptualBlendingTheorywasbroughttoprominencebyGillesFauconnierandMarkTurner.Itderivesfromtwotraditionswithincognitivesemantics:ConceptualMetaphorTheoryandMentalSpacesTheory.•Intheirstudies,bothobservedthatinmanycasesmeaningconstructionappearstoderivefromstructurethatisapparentlyunavailableinlinguisticorconceptualstructurethatfunctionsastheinputtothemeaningconstructionprocess.BlendingTheorythusemergedfromtheirattemptstoaccountforthisobservation.心理空间理论(MentalSpacesTheory)•Fauconnier于1985年最早提出“心智空间”这一术语,并将其描写为“小概念包(SmallConceptualPacket)”,是指人们进行交谈和思考时为了达到当下的理解与行动的目的而构建的,是通过框架和认知模型所形成的结构。(Fauconnier&Turner1996:113)•心智空间是人们阅读、思考、写作时建构的概念包,是人的体验、知识、社会存在体中的产物。概念包是局部的理解和行为。每个心智空间拥有它的范畴成员,范畴成员在同一心智空间内是互相关联的,这些成员和关系组成了概念包。不同空间里的成员和关系之间也可以建立映射。FauconnierandTurner’sdefinitionofconceptualblending•Conceptualblendingisabasicmentaloperationthatleadstonewmeaning,globalinsight,andconceptualcompressionsusefulformemoryandmanipulationofotherwisediffuserangesofmeaning.Lenbelievesthatthegirlwithblueeyeshasgreeneyes.(Fauconnier&Turner2002:46)1.2Theelementsofconceptualblending•输入空间(InputSpace):由独立认知域的信息所构成的空间。•类属空间(GenericSpace):抽象反映出输入空间共同的、常见的组织和结构。•合成空间(BlendedSpace):对输入空间里的概念进行整合操作。合成空间从两个输入空间中提取部分结构,形成新创结构(EmergentStructure)。Thesurgeonisabutcher.Howdoesthenegativeassessmentofincompetencearise?AnalysisfromConceptualMetaphorTheory(Evans&Green2006:402)1.3Threecomponentprocessesconcerningemergentstructure•1、组合(composition)是将两个或两个以上的输入空间的内容投射到合成空间。并在输入空间之间形成以前不存在的新关系。•2、完善(completion)是指当来自输入空间的投射结构与长时记忆中的信息结构相匹配时,在合成空间中被激活的模式就会借助背景图式知识、认知和文化模式而不断完善。•3、扩展(elaboration)是指合成空间中的结构可以根据它自身的层创逻辑在合成空间中进行认知运作,运用人们的想象力可以根据层创结构对细节进行无限的扩展。1.4ConstitutiveprocessesofBlendingTheory(Evans&Green2006:404)2.VitalRelationsandCompression2.1Compression2.2Ataxonomyofvitalrelationsandtheircompressions2.1Compression•Animportantfunctionofblendingistheprovisionofglobalinsight.AccordingtoFauconnier&Turner,conceptualblendingachievesthisbyreducingcomplexitytohumanscale∶thescopeofhumanexperience.•Compressionisafamiliarconceptiontopeople,suchascompressedfiles,compressedfoodandcompressor.Compressionisanimportantconceptionthatpeoplecan'tlivewithoutit,whereaswhatpeopleknowaboutcompressionisonlyrelatedtoobjects.Thetermsconceptualcompressionandrelationcompressionarecompletelynewtopeople.Fauconnier&Turner(2002:311)indicatethatarelationcanbecompressedintothestrictformofthisrelation.Alsooneormorerelationscanbecompressedintoanotherrelation.Atthebeginningofblending,anewrelationiscreated.“Theirviewpointtellsusthatcompressioninconceptualblendingisavitalinstrumentforrealizingintegration.•可以把一种关系压缩成这种关系的严密形式,也可以把一种关系或者多种关系压缩进入另一种关系。在整合中,从一开始就创造了新关系。Overarchinggoalofblending--achievehumanscaleNotablesubgoalsofblending--CompresswhatIsdiffuse--Obtainglobalinsight--Strengthenvitalrelations--Comeupwithastory--Gofrommanytoone压缩离散物(diffuse)获得整体视界(globalinsight)强化关系(relations)提出方案(story)由许多到单一(one)Actually,theessenceofconceptualblendingistherelationblending,becauseinformationinputspacesareconnectedwitheachotherbyrelations.AccordingtoFauconnier&Turner,inputspacesarenotconnectedatrandombutconnectedthroughvitalrelations.Thustheyputforwardasetofvitalrelations.概念整合的本质是关系的整合,因为信息输入空间与空间之间的连通靠的是关系,而且关系是必不可少的,关系将空间与空间连通起来才形成了认知网络。空间与空间之间的连通关系主要表现为:因果关系(cause-effectrelation)时间关系、空间关系(time,spacerelation)身份连通关系(identityrelation)部分与整体关系(part-wholerelation)特征、范畴、意图关系心智空间连通的本质是概念关系的连通,一定的概念关系被压缩进心智空间,而且被压缩进心智空间的关系都是极重要的不可缺少的关系(vitalrelation).小树一天一天长大。总理和我都是公民。只有读书人才懂。让我们举起拳头!范畴关系部分与整体身份关系时空关系2.2Ataxonomyofvitalrelationsandtheircompressions2.2.1ChangeandCompress•Change:Itisageneralvitalrelationwhichconnectstheelementstoanotherandsetsofelementstoothersets.Italsohassomethingwithtimeandculturalelements.•在整合中,关系变化(change)是最常见的不可缺少的,变化能将一个成员与另一个成员连接起来,将一个成员组同另一个成员组连接起来。幼儿青年•Thereisnochangewherethereisnoconnection.Wherethereisnoconnectionthereisnoconceptualblending.没有变化就没有连通,没有连通也就没有单体与单体、集与集之间的概念集合。从这个意义上说,概念与概念整合受空间与空间之间变化这一关系的制约,所以,概念整合过程是心智活动的动态过程。女人妻子妈妈婆婆男人空间、时间概念变化是与外部空间身份(identity)联系的相关性(correlation)概念连通。变化连通的核心是两个概念空间的相关性。概念空间之间有很多显义或隐义的连通点,变化连通无唯一性,而且变化可以激活默认值(defaultvalue)。概念整合是不能自动进行的,“change”这种不可缺少的概念空间之间的关系被压缩进入整合中唯一的前提是概念之间有身份的相关性。概念的生成和理解不仅仅是单体的整合,而且是知识网络的整体整合。她的账单一年比一年高。大片大片的森林向车尾奔去。2.2.2CauseandEffectRelation•Cause-Effect:Thecause-effectrelationisthemostimportantrelationincompression,becausetoentertheblendingspacethroughcompressingcause-effectrelationisthemostgeneralbaseofconceptualblending.浇水幼树大树发怒砸家具碎片原因行为结果变化时间因果2.2.3TimeandSpaceRelation•TimeandSpace:therearetwovitalrelationsinvolvedinmemory,change,continuity