国家不法行为责任草案(英)

ResponsibilityofStatesforInternationallyWrongfulActs2001TextadoptedbytheCommissionatitsfifty-thirdsession,in2001,andsubmittedtotheGeneralAssemblyasapartoftheCommission’sreportcoveringtheworkofthatsession.Thereport,whichalsocontainscommentariesonthedraftarticles,appearsinYearbookoftheInternationalLawCommission,2001,vol.II(PartTwo).TextreproducedasitappearsintheannextoGeneralAssemblyresolution56/83of12December2001,andcorrectedbydocumentA/56/49(Vol.I)/Corr.4.Copyright©UnitedNations2005ResponsibilityofStatesforInternationallyWrongfulActsPARTONETHEINTERNATIONALLYWRONGFULACTOFASTATECHAPTERIGENERALPRINCIPLESArticlelResponsibilityofaStateforitsinternationallywrongfulactsEveryinternationallywrongfulactofaStateentailstheinternationalresponsibilityofthatState.Article2ElementsofaninternationallywrongfulactofaStateThereisaninternationallywrongfulactofaStatewhenconductconsistingofanactionoromission:(a)IsattributabletotheStateunderinternationallaw;and(b)ConstitutesabreachofaninternationalobligationoftheState.Article3CharacterizationofanactofaStateasinternationallywrongfulThecharacterizationofanactofaStateasinternationallywrongfulisgovernedbyinternationallaw.Suchcharacterizationisnotaffectedbythecharacterizationofthesameactaslawfulbyinternallaw.CHAPTERIIATTRIBUTIONOFCONDUCTTOASTATEArticle4ConductoforgansofaState1.TheconductofanyStateorganshallbeconsideredanactofthatStateunderinternationallaw,whethertheorganexerciseslegislative,executive,judicialoranyotherfunctions,whateverpositionitholdsintheorganizationoftheState,andwhateveritscharacterasanorganofthecentralGovernmentorofaterritorialunitoftheState.2.AnorganincludesanypersonorentitywhichhasthatstatusinaccordancewiththeinternallawoftheState.Article5ConductofpersonsorentitiesexercisingelementsofgovernmentalauthorityTheconductofapersonorentitywhichisnotanorganoftheStateunderarticle4butwhichisempoweredbythelawofthatStatetoexerciseelementsofthegovernmentalauthorityshallbeconsideredanactoftheStateunderinternationallaw,providedthepersonorentityisactinginthatcapacityintheparticularinstance.Article6ConductoforgansplacedatthedisposalofaStatebyanotherStateTheconductofanorganplacedatthedisposalofaStatebyanotherStateshallbeconsideredanactoftheformerStateunderinternationallawiftheorganisactingintheexerciseofelementsofthegovernmentalauthorityoftheStateatwhosedisposalitisplaced.Article7ExcessofauthorityorcontraventionofinstructionsTheconductofanorganofaStateorofapersonorentityempoweredtoexerciseelementsofthegovernmentalauthorityshallbeconsideredanactoftheStateunderinternationallawiftheorgan,personorentityactsinthatcapacity,evenifitexceedsitsauthorityorcontravenesinstructions.Article8ConductdirectedorcontrolledbyaStateTheconductofapersonorgroupofpersonsshallbeconsideredanactofaStateunderinternationallawifthepersonorgroupofpersonsisinfactactingontheinstructionsof,orunderthedirectionorcontrolof,thatStateincarryingouttheconduct.Article9ConductcarriedoutintheabsenceordefaultoftheofficialauthoritiesTheconductofapersonorgroupofpersonsshallbeconsideredanactofaStateunderinternationallawifthepersonorgroupofpersonsisinfactexercisingelementsofthegovernmentalauthorityintheabsenceordefaultoftheofficialauthoritiesandincircumstancessuchastocallfortheexerciseofthoseelementsofauthority.Article10Conductofaninsurrectionalorothermovement1.TheconductofaninsurrectionalmovementwhichbecomesthenewGovernmentofaStateshallbeconsideredanactofthatStateunderinternationallaw.2.Theconductofamovement,insurrectionalorother,whichsucceedsinestablishinganewStateinpartoftheterritoryofapre-existingStateorinaterritoryunderitsadministrationshallbeconsideredanactofthenewStateunderinternationallaw.3.ThisarticleiswithoutprejudicetotheattributiontoaStateofanyconduct,howeverrelatedtothatofthemovementconcerned,whichistobeconsideredanactofthatStatebyvirtueofarticles4to9.Article11ConductacknowledgedandadoptedbyaStateasitsownConductwhichisnotattributabletoaStateundertheprecedingarticlesshallneverthelessbeconsideredanactofthatStateunderinternationallawifandtotheextentthattheStateacknowledgesandadoptstheconductinquestionasitsown.CHAPTERIIIBREACHOFANINTERNATIONALOBLIGATIONArticle12ExistenceofabreachofaninternationalobligationThereisabreachofaninternationalobligationbyaStatewhenanactofthatStateisnotinconformitywithwhatisrequiredofitbythatobligation,regardlessofitsoriginorcharacter.Article13InternationalobligationinforceforaStateAnactofaStatedoesnotconstituteabreachofaninternationalobligationunlesstheStateisboundbytheobligationinquestionatthetimetheactoccurs.Article14Extensionintimeofthebreachofaninternationalobligation1.ThebreachofaninternationalobligationbyanactofaStatenothavingacontinuingcharacteroccursatthemomentwhentheactisperformed,evenifitseffectscontinue.2.ThebreachofaninternationalobligationbyanactofaStatehavingacontinuingcharacterextendsovertheentireperiodduringwhichtheactcontinuesandremainsnotinconformitywiththeinternationalobligation.3.ThebreachofaninternationalobligationrequiringaStatetopreventagiveneventoccurswhentheeventoccursande