02-现代港口的演变发展XXXX

第二章现代港口演变发展EvolutionofModernPortsBird’sAnyportModel(1963)UNCTADPortGenerations(1992)EvolutionofModernPortsAgendaScript2Script3.2ancienttimesMiddleageslate18thcenturyearly19thcenturyWorldWars1960sTheEvolutionofModernPorts1990s476-1453ADNote6500kmAtlanticOceanBlackSeaMediterraneanOceanTyreAthensRomeNorthSeaAlexandriaAntiochRhodesEvolutionofMaritimeTradingCentresTheSilkRoadGuangzhouXi’anLanzhouDunhuangTurpanHotanKashgarSamarkandMervBactraBukharaReyHamadanBaghdadBerenikeAlexandriaTyreAntiochConstantinopleAthensRomeMuzaAdenKanéMuscatSurMogadishuMombasaBarbariconBarygazaMuzirisCalcuttaCHINAINDIAPERSIAARABIAEUROPEEGYPTJAVAIndianOceanArabianSeaMediterraneanOceanBlackSeaGobiDesertPacificOceanSOMALIA500MilesMalaccaBayofBengal建设“海上丝路”，联通五洲四海专题Note8500kmAtlanticOceanBlackSeaMediterraneanOceanTyreAthensRomeNorthSeaAlexandriaEvolutionofMaritimeTradingCentresVeniceConstantinople500kmAtlanticOceanBlackSeaMediterraneanOceanTyreAthensRomeNorthSeaAlexandriaEvolutionofMaritimeTradingCentresVeniceLondonAmsterdamAntwerpGama(1497-99)VoyagesofDiscovery01,0002,0003,000500MilesNorthAtlanticOceanNorthAmericaAfricaEuropeSouthAmericaWestIndiesDominantwindTradeRoute1)Sugar,Molasses,Slaves2)Flour,Meat,Lumber12TradeWindsInthefifteenthcentury…Intermsofwealthandeconomicdevelopment,theChineseEmpirehadnorival…AlthoughbythefifteenthcenturyChinesemarinerswereaheadofEuropeinsomeareasofocean-goingshiptechnologyandhadtheshipsandnavigationskillstoexploreandtradewiththeworld,theychosenottodoso.In1433theexpeditionswerehalted,theshipsdestroyedandlawspassedbanningfurtherconstructionofocean-goingships,leavingthewayopenforEuropeanseafarerstodeveloptheglobalseatransportsystemwehavetoday.MartinStopford(2009).MaritimeEconomics.3rded.TheAnyportModelAnyportisamodeldevelopedbyBird(1963)describinghowportinfrastructuresevolveintimeandspace.Initialsettingstronglydependentongeographicalconsiderations.Standardevolutionstartingfromtheoriginalport(mostofthetimeafishingportwithtradingandshipbuildingactivities)withseveralquays1.Simpleintermsofterminalfacilities.Port-relatedactivitiesmainlyfocusedonwarehousingandwholesaling,locatedonsitesdirectlyadjacenttotheport.1SettingTheindustrialrevolutionactingasatrigger:Growingamountsoffreightandpassengers;Largerships;Quaysexpandedandjettiesconstructed2;Dockconstructions3required;Raillinesintegratingwithportterminals;accesstohinterland;Port-relatedactivitiesexpandingtremendouslytoincludeindustrialactivities.12ExpansionSettingConstructionofspecialisedpierstohandlefreightsuchascontainers,ores,grain,petroleumandcoal4.Expandedwarehousingneeds.Largerships;dredging;longjetties;greaterdepth.Activitymigration;increasedhandlingcapacities.Originalsitesabandoned;portfacilitiesreconverted5.123SpecialisationExpansionSettingBeyondtheModel…Nottodisplayasetpattern,buttoprovideabaseforcomparison.Port-CityrelationshipRegionalisationContainerterminaldevelopmentAlthough“local-for-local”,stillrevealingageneraldevelopmentprocessofports.Anumberofauthorshaveamendedtheoriginalmodeltoincludemorerecentdevelopments.SettingExpansionSpecialisationRegionalisationCityPort1234GeneralCargoBulkCargoContainerisedCargoUrbanAreaReconversionFreightDistributionCentreFreightCorridorPortEvolutionfurthertotheAnyportModelChangesinGrowthAnyportModelPhysicaldevelopmentPortlocationFinancingCustomsproceduresPhysicaldevelopmentDischargepointascloselyaspossible;agroundifnecessary.1-PrimitiveAseriesofpurpose-builtquaywallsforshipstoberthat.2-MarginalQuayExtensionNumberofberthsextendedbyartificialembayments.3-MarginalQuayElaborationArtificialdocksconstructedwithtidalbasinsandcomplexpatterns.4-DockElaborationLongstraightquayspurpose-builtforlargesteelships.5-SimpleLinealQuayageQuaysandjettiesbuiltinspecificareasforshipsandcargoes.6-SpecialisedQuayagePhysical→Location→Financing→CustomsOriginalportsite:PortlocationFirstbridgeoverriverWarehouse&riverberthsDock&lockbuiltDock&lockbuiltWharehouse&riverberthsFirstbridgeoverriverPhysical→Location→Financing→CustomsExpandedportsite:PortlocationHeavyindustryOilrefinery&tankerterminalContainerterminalRo/RoterminalGoodroad&railconnectionsContainerterminalHeavyindustryOilrefinery&tankerterminalGoodroad&railconnectionsRo/RoterminalPhysical→Location→Financing→CustomsFinancingOldestablishedportOldcitycentreNewprojectsPortoperators;shippinggroupsPhysical→Location→Financing→CustomsCustomsproceduresIntheolddays,exchangesbetweenseaandlandtransportvehiclesweremadeinthemostdirectofways.However,thecontinuousincreaseofshipsizesrelativetosizesoftrucksandrailcarsinducedtheportstochooseanindirectroute.Physical→Location→Financing→Customs1400-1800,HaringhavenRotte+damRotterdamMigrationSmallshippingvilliageMercantileport1800-1900,IndustrialRevolutionShipsincreasinglymadeofsteelinsteadofwoodSailingshipsSteamersUseofmachinesNewportbasinsforthefirsttime1920-1940,WaalhavenandMerwehaven,1stand2ndPetroleumharboursTheimportanceofpetroleumrealisedWesternEurope’soilsupplygatewayrightfromthestart1946-1960,Reconstruction—EemhavenandBotlek40%destroyedduri