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2512626278(Multinationalenterprises,MNEs)25.12(Hazardrisk)25(LarryD.Gaunt)(shapiro)(titman)()625.1.1(ShapiroandTitman,1985)25.1.225-125-11.44925(1)1)2)3)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)2540001000008450()()1091250001000001095000002.(1)1)2)3)4)(diversification)(independentcriterion)5)4512525-125-1$10000$10000$1900$500$400$20001010%200010%12289(2)3.(1)8452(captiveinsurancecompany)(2)(holdharmless)(2)(3)()25-125.24532525-225-225.2.11.178454AXAXAX25-225-2MICMICMIC(100)MICMIC1984123MICMICMICMICMIC455252.(ISO)(1)ISO9000ISO90001987ISO9000ISO9000ISO9000ISOISO9000(Munro,1995)ISO9000ISO900190029003ISO9001ISO9000ISO9000ISOISO(2)ISO140001996ISOISO14000ISO9001ISO14001ISO14000()ISO9000ISO14000ISO14000ISO140008456Garrison(1995),StexandRabac(1996)21(Agenda21)ISO1992(earthsummit)21ISO140002125-32125-3211)2)3)4)5)6)7)8)9)10)25.2.2(2)45725(1996)()(selffundedriskreserve)1.(authorizedinsurance)(1)(11)25-325-3()(Baglini,1993)8458(2)100%2.(unauthorizedinsurance)25-425-4(1)(tariffrate)45925(2)3.(acontrolledmasterprogram)(25-2)(primaryadmittedcontract)(mastercontract)(difference-in-conditionsanddifference-in-limits)DIC()DIL25-525-58460DICDIL(frontinginsurer)()(theexportofcededpremium)(IRB)25-54.(globalprogram)25-625-646125()(Pahl,1995)(cede)()5.(26)25-7A(retrocession)(firstloss)108462Clark(1990a)Clark(1990b)101025-710(premiumcredit)25.3ISO46325()