overpopulation

•WordsaboutNumber•Wordsaboutpopulation•Wordsaboutoverpopulation*•Reasons•Effects*•Measures•一些arangeof;avarietyof;aseriesof;anarrayof•许多plentyof;agreatdealof;ample•非常多（大）的tremendous;Thevastmajority;Asizablepercentage;Aconsiderableof•无数innumerable;countless•八种趋势•１.保持平稳：staystable/remainsteady.•E:thenumberofpopulationstayedstable。•2.上升/增加：rise/climb/increase/ascend/mount/aggrandize/Ever-increasing/Soar/mountup/Elevate/aggravate•E：thenumberofpopulationincreased/ascended/mounted•3．下降/减少：fall/drop/decrease/descend/decline•E：thenumberofpopulationdecreased/declined.•4.下降后保持平稳：bottomout•E：thenumberofpopulationdecreasedandbottomedout.•5.上升后保持平稳：leveloff•E：numberofpopulationmountedandleveledoff.•6.复苏：recover•E：numberofpopulationdecreasedandrecovered.•7.波动：fluctuate•E：numberofpopulationfluctuated.•8.达到顶峰：peak/reachitssummit/reachitszenith•E：numberofpopulationpeaked/reacheditssummit/reacheditszenith.•两种程度•缓慢的/轻微的：•gradually/smoothly/steadily/slightly•陡然的/大幅度的：•dramatically/sharply/considerably/appreciably•E:人口大幅度攀升:numberofpopulationmounteddramatically.•人口轻微下降:numberofpopulationdecreasedslightly.•人口逐渐下降:numberofpopulationdecreasedgradually.•出生率birthrate•死亡率deathrate/mortalityrate•自然生育率naturalfertility•自然增长率naturalpopulationgrowthrate/therateofnaturalpopulationincrease•人口机械增长Populationgrowthfrommigration•人口迁移populationmigration/shift•人口的分布和迁徙distributionandmigrationofpopulation•人口再生产类型typeofpopulationreproduction•人口构成populationcomposition/Structures•人口密度populationdensity•E:Theareahasapopulationdensityoffivepeoplepersquaremile•人口年龄结构agestructureofpopulation•人口的文化构成culturalcompositionofpopulation•人口统计populationstatistics/demography（人口学，人口统计学）•E：ThedemographyofXinjiangshowsthefeaturesoflowrateofbirth,lowrateofdeathandlowrateofincrease.人口增长模式呈现低出生、低死亡、低增长的特点。•人口素质populationquality•人口普查populationcensus•人口税capitation/capitationtax•计划生育familyplanning/birthcontrol•People'sRepublicofChina'sone-childpolicy•人口过剩overpopulation•承载能力CarryingcapacityReason•Boomingindustry•theremarkableimprovement/steadygrowthofpeople’slivingstandard•Guidedbythe“invisiblehand”ofthemarket,arecord20millionChinesecouldquittheirfarmsthisyeartoheadforthecitiesinsearchofapieceofChina’seconomicboom.Effectsofoverpopulation•Someproblemsassociatedwithorexacerbatedbyhumanoverpopulation：•InadequatefreshwaterDifficultiesfordrinkingwateruseaswellassewagetreatmentandeffluentdischarge.•Depletionofnaturalresources,especiallyfossilfuels•Increasedlevelsofairpollution,waterpollution,soilcontaminationandnoisepollution.•DeforestationandlossofecosystemsForestcansustainglobalatmosphericoxygenandcarbondioxidebalance;abouteightmillionhectaresofforestarelosteachyear.•Changesinatmosphericcompositionandconsequentglobalwarming•IrreversiblelossofarablelandandincreasesindesertificationMassspeciesextinctionsPresentextinctionratesmaybeashighas140,000specieslostperyear.Asof2008,theIUCNRedListlistsatotalof717animalspecieshavinggoneextinctduringrecordedhumanhistory.HighinfantandchildmortalityHighratesofinfantmortalityarecausedbypoverty.Intensivefactoryfarmingtosupportlargepopulations.Itresultsinhumanthreatsincludingtheevolutionandspreadofantibioticresistantbacteriadiseases,excessiveairandwaterpollution,andnewvirusthatinfecthumans.Lowlifeexpectancyincountrieswithfastestgrowingpopulations•IncreasedchanceoftheemergenceofnewepidemicsandpandemicsFormanyenvironmentalandsocialreasons,includingovercrowdedlivingconditions,malnutritionandinadequate,inaccessible,ornon-existenthealthcare,thepooraremorelikelytobeexposedtoinfectiousdiseases.•Starvation,malnutritionorpoordietwithillhealthanddiet-deficiencydiseases(e.g.rickets)•Povertycoupledwithinflationinsomeregionsandaresultinglowlevelofcapitalformation.Povertyandinflationareaggravated.•Unhygieniclivingconditionsformanybaseduponwaterresourcedepletion,dischargeofrawsewageandsolidwastedisposal.Addtosanitationproblems.•Elevatedcrimerateduetoincreasedtheftbypeoplestealingresourcestosurvive•Conflictoverscarceresourcesandcrowding,leadingtoincreasedlevelsofwarfare.•Lowerwages.Inthesupplyanddemandeconomicmodel,anincreaseinthenumberofworkers(supply-increase)resultsinlowerdemandandwagesfall(price-decrease)asmorepeoplecompeteforavailablework.•LessPersonalFreedom/MoreRestrictiveLaws.Thehigherthepopulationdensity,themorefrequenttheinteractionsbetweenmanandlawbecome,andthustheredevelopsaneedformorelawstoregulatetheseinteractions.•Worsencongestion•Thegrowingpopulationmakesincreasingdemandsontheworld’sfixedsupplyofair,waterandland.Thisriseinpopulationisaccompaniedbythedesireofmoreandmorepeopleforabetterstandardofliving.•Congestionintherushhourissocommonthattakingabusprovesadreadedordeal.Apartfromthequeuesforbusinesswhichoftenreachstaggeringproportion,youhavetobestrongenoughtoshoveandfightbeforeyouareabletogetonabus,foreverybusarrivesandleavespackedasfullyasasardinetin.Evenwhenyouareluckyenoughtoboard,itwilltakeagesforabustocarryyoutoyourdestinationbecausethetrafficonthestreetshasvirtuallycometoastandstill.E:Mitigationmeasures•Whilethecurrentworldtrendsarenotindicative