Lesson 3PARADISE ON EARTH: THE ISLAMIC GARDEN•oasis (page 37, line 1): n. (pl. oases) 绿洲•paradise (page 37, line 1):n. 乐园–Paradise: The Garden of Eden伊甸园–同义词:heaven, Shangri‐la, promised land 天堂,乐土•respite (page 37, line 1): n.& vt. 暂时的休息; 缓期; 暂止•parch (page 37, line 2): v. (使)焦干•wither (page 37, line 2): v. 枯萎;凋零•furnish (page 37, line 5): v. 提供;装备–The hotel furnishedtowels and sheets tous.–We furnishedthe house withexpensive furniture.•distinctive (page 37, line 7): adj. 特有的;有特色的//distinct adj. 可辨别的;有区别的(n. distinction)–Robert Redfield distinguishesbetween the classic or learned culture and the popular or folk culture in many disciplinesdis‐分开,sting刺— 伸出•apt (page 37, line 10): adj. 恰当的–adaptvt. 使适应,改编ad‐‘to: 去’+apt ‘fit: 适应’•…, a territory composedprincipallyof vast dry zones with extremes of heat and cold within which scattered green oases furnished a most precious element, water. 前面部分的同位语–composed of: 分词a territory的定语–within which: zones的定语从句,本身是个倒装句,即“green oases scattered within which”–furnished…分词短语修饰oases•其领土主要由巨大的干旱地区组成,具有极热和极冷(的气候),其间点縀着一些绿洲。绿洲拥有昀为珍贵要素——水•itinerary (page 37, line 11): n. 计划好的路线(或旅程);旅行日记•soothing (page 37, line 14): adj. 使人宽心的•mesmerize (page 37, line 15): vt. 给...施行催眠术, 迷惑; 吸引(F. A. Mesmer ‐Austrian physician)•ephemeral (page 37, line 15): adj. 短暂的;朝生暮死的n. 只生存一天的事物// ephemeron 寿命短的生物,如蜉蝣(mayfly)•exterior (page 37, line 16): adj. 外部的;n. 外部;建筑的外部;外景•反interior •sumptuous (page 37, line 17): adj. 华丽的;奢侈的•porticoed (page 37, line 17): adj. 有门廊的// portico n. 门廊,柱廊•pavilion (page 37, line 17): n. 阁,亭•kiosk (page 37, line 17): n. (土耳其、伊朗等国) 亭子, 凉亭•pierce (page 37, line 18): vt. & vi. 刺入; 刺穿; 穿透•grill (page 37, line 18): n. 格栅; 烤架,铁格子;烤肉vt. & vi. 烤•filigree (page 37, line 18):n.金、银细丝(饰品)–filament n. 细丝;灯丝;花丝•dematerialize (page 37, line 19): vt. & vi. 使消失;使丧失物质形态–de‐相反+ materialize 具体化,实现material (物质,材料)+ ‐ize(动词结尾,使……化)•…as spatial itineraries, places of sequential discovery;…同位语–有游览路线的空间,即曲径通幽、不断发现佳境的园林•Built mostly in warm climates, they were exterior living spaces, often sumptuous, yet airy. •分词短语作状语: As they were mostly built in warm climates, they …因为这些花园多数建于温暖的气候条件下,所以它们……•often sumptuous, yet airy 后置的形容词短语修饰spaces•shimmer(page 37, line 22): vi. & n. 发闪烁的微光vt. 使闪烁•gleam(page 37, line 22): v. & n. (反射)发光、闪烁•murmur(page 37, line 23): v. 低声说n. 低语声;潺潺声•vibrant(page 37, line 23): adj. 充满生气的–vibrate v.(使)振动;(使)颤动•layout(page 37, line 25): n. 布局;设计–city layout 城市规划; 城市布局–general layout 总设计; 总体布置(图), 总平面(图)–layout plan 平面图;平面布置图•depict(page 37, line 25): vt. 描述;描画•stylize(page 37, line 25): vt. 使格式化,使程式化–style风格;时尚•surmount (page 37, line 26): vt. 克服(困难,障碍);站在上面;被放置在…上–sur‐在上,超过:surcharge n. & vt. 超载;额外费; 追加罚款/ surface 表面// mount n.山峰vt. 爬上•cypress(page 37, line 28): n. 柏树•eternity(page 37, line 29): n. 永恒;永生;来世•cartouche(page 37, line 29): n. 椭圆形轮廓;涡卷装饰•quadripartite(page 38, line 3): adj. 分成四组的;由四部分组成的•quadri‐四/ partite adj. 分裂的•Achaemenid palaces(page 38, line 4): 阿契美尼德宫殿// 阿契美尼德:公元前553—前330年居鲁士一世(Cyrus the Great)至大流士三世(Darius III)统治波斯期间的王朝•carve (page 38, line 5): v. 雕刻;切开;开创chaharbagh•identified with the Tuba tree in the Quran 等同于《古兰经》中的Tuba树•‐‐which has its roots in ancient Persia where the archaeological remains of Achaemenidpalaces trace the outlines of pavilions overlooking carved stone channels. 这种造园形式源自古代波斯,在那里的阿契美尼德宫殿考古遗迹可以回朔出俯瞰刻石水渠的亭子的轮廓。•paradigm (page 38, line 6): n. 范例;模式•cosmos (page 38, line 8): n. 宇宙•cosmological (page 38, line 9): adj. 宇宙哲学的,宇宙论的•in terms that (page 38, line 10): 从……角度看(in terms of)•charge sbwith sth/ doing sth(page 38, line 10): vt. 使……承担……•divinity (page 38, line 12): n. 神;神性;神学•impregnate (page 38, line 13): vt. 使怀孕;灌输;浸透adj. 充满的;怀孕的•pregnant adj. 怀孕的•holy (page 38, line 14): adj. 圣洁的,神圣的n. 神圣的东西•supplant (page 38, line 14): vt. 代替•disseminate (page 38, line 15): vt. 散布, 传播–dis‐向四方semin, semen‐种子•observation (page 38, line 17): n. 言论, 评论, 意见; 观察•The paradigm of quadripartite landscape space with …, is a place‐making practicerooted, as we have seen, in prehistoric tradition.•四分景观空间具有一个明确的中心,能量从这个中心流向四方,并由宇宙的四角流回中心。正如我们所见,这种景观范式是一种源于史前传统的场所创建实践。•Placemakingisatermthatbegantobeusedinthe1970sbyarchitectsandplannerstodescribetheprocessofcreatingsquares,plazas,parks,streetsandwaterfrontsthatwillattractpeoplebecausetheyarepleasurableorinteresting.•Islamic garden design …, but because holy literature had begun to …., a universal cosmological symbolismof sacred space,…. was now an operative cultural principle...伊斯兰花园设计源于一种同样充满了宇宙哲学涵义的宗教,但因为宗教文献已经开始补充并替代口头相传的传统,使得宗教的传播更为广泛,所以庄严场所具有一种普遍的宇宙哲学的象征意义,而不是设计出一块特定的空间作为对宇宙的崇敬,是当时指导景观设计的有效的文化原则。•Difference between Islamic and prehistoric cosmological design:–prehistoric cosmological design: specificlocal landscapes with intense religious meaning–Islamic cosmological design: a universal cosmological symbolismof sacred space•denote (page 38, line 19): vt. 指示, 表示, 意味着•disciple (page 38, line 17): n. 门徒,信徒;弟子•indispensable (page 38, line 28): n. 不可缺少之人/物adj. 不可缺少的–dispensable adj. 可有