LUBRICANTS AND HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

CECW-ETEngineerManual1110-2-1424DepartmentoftheArmyU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineersWashington,DC20314-1000EM1110-2-142428February1999EngineeringandDesignLUBRICANTSANDHYDRAULICFLUIDSDistributionRestrictionStatementApprovedforpublicrelease;distributionisunlimited.DEPARTMENTOFTHEARMYEM1110-2-1424U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineersCECW-ETWashington,DC20314-1000ManualNo.1110-2-142428February1999EngineeringandDesignLUBRICANTSANDHYDRAULICFLUIDS1.Purpose.Thismanualprovidesguidanceonlubricantsandhydraulicfluidstoengineering,operations,maintenance,andconstructionpersonnelandotherindividualsresponsiblefortheU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers(USACE)civilworksequipment.2.Applicability.ThismanualappliestoallUSACEcommandshavingcivilworksresponsibility.3.Discussion.Thismanualisintendedtobeapracticalguidetolubricationwithenoughtechnicaldetailtoallowpersonneltorecognizeandeasilydiscerndifferencesinperformancepropertiesspecifiedinmanufacturers’productliteraturesothattheproperlubricantforaparticularapplicationisselected.Itdescribesbasiccharacteristicpropertiesofoils,hydraulicfluids,greases,solidlubricants,environmentallyacceptablelubricants,andtheiradditives.Itexaminesthemechanicsofhydrodynamic,boundary,extremepressure,andelastohydrodynamiclubricationtoprotectagainstsurfacedeterioration.Separatechaptersaredevotedtolubricantspecificationandselection,andrequirementsoflubricantsforequipmentcurrentlyinuseatUSACEcivilworksfacilities.Becauseconscientiousadherencetolubricationschedulesisthebestprescriptionforlongevityofcomponentparts,operationandmaintenanceconsiderationsarealsoaddressed.4.DistributionStatement.Approvedforpublicrelease,distributionisunlimited.FORTHECOMMANDER:2AppendicesALBERTJ.GENETTI,JR.(SeeTableofContents)MajorGeneral,USAChiefofStaffiDEPARTMENTOFTHEARMYEM1110-2-1424U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineersCECW-ETWashington,DC20314-1000ManualNo.1110-2-142428February1999EngineeringandDesignLUBRICANTSANDHYDRAULICFLUIDSTableofContentsSubjectParagraphPageChapter1IntroductionPurpose........................................................1-11-1Applicability....................................................1-21-1References......................................................1-31-1DistributionStatement.............................................1-41-1Scope.........................................................1-51-2Chapter2LubricationPrinciplesFriction........................................................2-12-1Wear..........................................................2-22-4LubricationandLubricants.........................................2-32-6HydrodynamicorFluidFilmLubrication...............................2-42-6BoundaryLubrication.............................................2-52-8ExtremePressure(EP)Lubrication...................................2-62-9Elastohydrodynamic(EHD)Lubrication................................2-72-9Chapter3LubricatingOilsOilRefining.....................................................3-13-1TypesofOil....................................................3-23-2CharacteristicsofLubricatingOils....................................3-33-4OilClassificationsandGradingSystems...............................3-43-7Chapter4HydraulicFluidsPurposeofHydraulicFluids.........................................4-14-1PhysicalCharacteristics............................................4-24-1QualityRequirements..............................................4-34-2UseofAdditives.................................................4-44-4TypesofHydraulicFluids..........................................4-54-4CleanlinessRequirements...........................................4-64-6EM1110-2-142428Feb99iiSubjectParagraphPageChapter5GreaseDescription.....................................................5-15-1Function.......................................................5-25-1GreaseCharacteristics.............................................5-35-2FluidLubricants.................................................5-45-5SoapThickeners.................................................5-55-5ComplexSoap...................................................5-65-6Additives.......................................................5-75-6TypesofGreases.................................................5-85-6Compatibility....................................................5-95-8GreaseApplicationGuide.........................................5-105-8Chapter6NonfluidLubricationSolidLubrication.................................................6-16-1Self-LubricatingBearings..........................................6-26-6Self-LubricatingBearingsforOlmstedWicketGatesPrototypeTests..........6-36-7Chapter7LubricantAdditivesGeneral........................................................7-17-1SurfaceAdditives.................................................7-27-1Performance-EnhancingAdditives....................................7-37-3LubricantProtectiveAdditives.......................................7-47-3Precautions.....................................................7-57-4Chapter8EnvironmentallyAcceptableLubricants