2018届高考必考语法精讲之动词时态和语态(word版)

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12018届高考必考语法精讲:动词的时态和语态语法中的时态(tense)是一种动词形式,同一动词的不同变化形式表达不同的时态,英语中有16种时态。《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对于时态列了十项:(1)一般现在时(2)一般过去时(3)一般将来时(4)现在进行时(5)过去进行时(6)过去将来时(7)将来进行时(8)现在完成时(9)过去完成时(10)现在完成进行时;此外还列了被动语态,并将其作为单独一项。2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ第61题(语法填空)考查了动词arrive的一般过去时arrived;第71题(短文改错)考查了think变为过去时thought;第75题(短文改错)考查了被动语态,删掉been;第79题(短文改错)考查了将动词过去时的found变为现在时的find。2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第62题(语法填空)考查了allow的一般过去时的被动语态wasallowed;第74题(短文改错)考查了将过去时had变为现在时的have;77题(短文改错)考查了将using变为被动used。2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ第64题(语法填空)考查了remove的一般现在时的被动语态areremoved;第74题(短文改错)考查了将动词goes变成一般过去时went。各种时态构成表:(以do为例)一、一般现在时:动词原形或第三人称单数1.构成:使用动词原形,第三人称单数须有变化。(1)直接加“s”:work→works,take→takes(2)以辅音加“y”结尾,变“y”为“i”,再加“es”:carry→carries(3)以“o,s,x,ch,sh”结尾的动词加“es”:go→goes,dress→dresses,watch→watches,finish→finishes2.功能:(1)表现在的事实、状态或动作。例如:①Ihaveadream.②Shelovesmusic.③Mary'sparentsgetupveryearly.(2)表习惯性动作或职业,常与often,sometimes,usually,always,everyweek,occasionally,frequently,seldom等时间副词连用。例如:一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在do/doesis/am/aredoinghas/havedonehas/havebeendoing过去didwas/weredoinghaddonehadbeendoing将来shall/willdoshall/willbedoingshall/willhavedoneshall/willhavebeendoing过去将来woulddowouldbedoingwouldhavedonewouldhavebeendoing2①Ialwaystakeawalkaftersupper.②Shewritestomeveryoften.③SheisanEnglishteacher.(3)表客观真理,格言警句或事实。例如:①Theearthmovesaroundthesun.②Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.③Twoandtwomakesfour.④Nomanbuterrs.(4)表示将来发生的动作:A.在由when,after,before,as,assoonas,although,because,if,evenif,incase,till,until,unless,aslongas,where,whatever,wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。例如:①I'lltellherwhenshecomestomorrow.②Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,I'llmeetyou.③Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.④I'llberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.B.按时间表将要发生的动作或事件,用一般现在时表达将来时概念。例如:①Theplaybeginsat6:30thisevening.②Whendoestheplanetakeoff?③Heleavesforthatcitynextweek.④Accordingtothetimetable,thetrainstartsat9o’clock.二.一般过去时:动词的过去式1.表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。例如:①Wevisitedtheschoollastspring.②IwenttoschoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.③Chinawasfoundedin1949.2.在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。例如:①Shetoldmeshewould’tgowithusifitrainedthenextday.②Theywouldnotleaveuntilshecameback.③Hisgirlfriendpromisedtomarryhimonceheboughtherabighouse.三.一般将来时:shall/will+动词原形1.表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:①Hewillgraduatefromthecollegenextyear.3②Weshallfinishourworkasquicklyaspossible.2.将来时的其它结构。例如:I.is/am/aregoingtodosth.(美国口语中常读作begonna)①I'mgoingtobuyanewcarthisfall.②Heisgoingtosellhishouse.注意:begoingto与will的对比:下列情况须用will①Iwillbesixteenyearsoldnextyear.②Itwillbethe20thofAugusttomorrow.③Whenhecomes,Iwillgivehimyourmessage.II.is/am/are+todosth.表示计划安排做某事或征求意见。例如:①AmItotakeoverhiswork?②Wearetomeetatthegate.III.is/am/areabouttodosth.即将做某事。例如:①Thetalkisabouttobegin.四.一般过去将来时:would+动词原形1.表示过去某时之后将出现的情况,通常用于宾语从句中。例如:①Hesaidthattheywouldmeetmeatthestation.②Shetoldmethatshewouldcometoseeme.2.表示过去习惯性动作(不管什么人称都用would)。例如:①Wheneverhehadtime,Tomwouldgotoseehisgrandma.②Theoldcouplewouldgoforawalkaftersupper.注意句型:was/wereabouttodosth.when……正要做某事,这时……=was/wereonthepointofdoingsth.when……(when引导的从句要用一般过去时)例如:①Hewasabouttogooutwhenthetelephonerang.②Iwasabouttogoshoppingwhenitrained.③Shewasonthepointofhavingsupperwhenthelightwentoff.五.现在进行时:is/am/are+现在分词1.表示现在正在进行的动作。例如:①Thewaterisboiling.ShallImaketea?②Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeacrosstheriver.2.表现阶段正进行的动作。例如:4①Heistakingphysicsthissemester.②Wearepreparingforourfinalexaminationthisweek.③Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You'reputtingonweight.3.go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。例如:①Look!Thebusiscoming.②Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andheisdying.③AliceisleavingforShanghaiwithhermother.4.与always,forever,continually,constantly等副词连用,表示说话人带有感情色彩:赞赏或厌恶。例如:①Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.②Theboyiscontinuallymakingnoises.③Theteacherisconstantlycriticizingherforbeinglate.六.过去进行时:was/were+现在分词1.表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。例如:①Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.②WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.③Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.2.用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。例如:①Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.②IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasIwasdrivingtoofast.3.过去某时将发生的事。例如:①TheytoldmethattheywereleavingforNewYork.②HewasgoingoutwhenIarrived.七.将来进行时:shall/willbe+现在分词1.表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作。例如:①Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?②Iwillbehavingdinnerthistimetomorrow.2.用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。例如:①Willyoubehavingsupperwithusthisevening?②Willyoubecomingtoseeustomorrow?3.将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。例如:①ShewillbearrivingatShanghaitomorrowmorning.②Thecarwillbegoingatthespeedof100milesanhour.5八.现在完成时:have/has+过去分词1.表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet,just,before,recently,lately,ever,never等表时间的副词搭配使用。例如:①Hehasn'tseenherlately.②Ihaven'tfinishedthebookyet.2.表示一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作,常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如:sofar(迄今为止),uptillnow(直到现在),foralongtime(很长时间),,inthepast/inthelastfewyears(在过去的几年里),thesedays(这些日子)。例如:①Hehasworkedherefor15years.②IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.③TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.④Sofar,Ihaven'treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.3.某些非延续性动词(即:动作开始便终止的动词),在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。I.常见的非延续动词:die,arrive,join,leave,go,refus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