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1.Whentalkingaboutpeople,weusewho,whom,whose,that;2.Whentalkingaboutthings,weusewhich,that,whose.TipsAttributiveClause:定语从句指在从句中起定语作用，并修饰主句中的某一名词或代词的句子。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰名词后面，所以如果在名词或代词后面出现一个从句，根据它与前面名词或代词的逻辑关系来判断是否是定语从句。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句:①限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、确定的作用，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不合逻辑。这种定语从句和主句之间不能用逗号隔开。②非限制性定语从句和先行词关系松散，只是对先行词作附加说明，如果省去，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚.从句和主句之间须用逗号隔开。如：限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用“，”与主句隔开用“，”与主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语,如删除,主句失去意义或意思表达不完整译法上关系词的使用上只是对先行词的补充说明,如删除,主句仍能表达完整的意思.译成先行词的定语“…的”通常译成主句的并列句1.作宾语时常省略1.作宾语时不可省略2.可用that2.不用that3.可用who代替whom3.不用who代替whoma.AbrahamLincoln,wholedtheUnitedStatesthroughtheseyears,wasmurderedonApril14,1865.b.Helivesinanothertown,whichisonlyaboutanhour’sridefromhere.c.Soontheyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.d.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.注意：引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不可用that，指人时用who(主语),whom(宾语)，指物时须用which.作宾语时不能省略。定语从句例句解析：(1)Thegirlwho/thatisstandingthereisMary.(2)Theman(whom/who/that)mymothersawinthestreetismyteacher.(3)Thebookwhich/thattellsusabouttheearthisinteresting.(who,that指人，在从句中作主语）(whom,who,that指人，在从句中作宾语，也可省略)(which,that指物，在从句中作主语,不可省略)(4)Thebuilding(which/that)hereferredtoisbeautiful.(5)Shelivesinahousewhosewindowsfacesouth.(6)ThecompanywillemployapersonwhoseEnglishisgood.Thebookwhosecover/thecoverofwhich/ofwhichthecoverisblue.(which,that指物，在从句中作宾语，可省略）(whose指物，在从句中作windows的定语）(whose在从句中指人，作定语)Whose即可指人，也可指物，是所有格，在从句中作定语，指物时可与ofwhich互换。定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。1.关系代词（who,whom,which,that，whose）指人指物在定语从句中的作用Who√主语宾语Whom√宾语Which√主语宾语that√√主语宾语whose√√定语关系代词和关系副词的作用：1、引导作用2、替代作用3、在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用E.g.：1.Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.2.Thisisthehousewherehewasborn.3.Bill,whowashereyesterday,askedmealotofquestions.1.that指物时一般可以与which互换，但在下列情况中一般只能用that,不可以用which:a.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.b.Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.c.Thereislittle(that)theenemycandobesidessurrender.①当先行词为all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时.Notesa.I’vereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.b.Somestudentsthatwerepunishedinthemorningwereaskedbyteacher.a.Thisisthefirstcomposition(that)hehaswritteninEnglish.b.It’sthebestnovel(that)Ihaveeverread.②先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much修饰时.③先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。a.Thatwhitefloweristheonlyone(that)Ireallylike.b.Thisistheverybook(that)Iwanttofind.a.Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?b.Whichofusthatknowssomethingaboutphysicsdoesnotknowthis?c.Whatthatisonthetablebelongstome?④先行词被oneof,theright,theonly,thevery,thelast等修饰时.⑤当主句是特殊疑问句时，定语从句用that引导。Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.Maryisnolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobe.Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitusedtobe.⑥当先行词既有人又有物时，定语从句要用that引导。⑦当先行词在主句中或关系代词在从句作表语时.2.只能用which不能用that的情况:①引导非限制性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子时.a.Brucewenttowardthefire,whichwasstillsmoking.b.Hecamelateagain,whichmadetheteacherangry.②先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置。ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunlived.如果介词后置：Thisisthehousewhich/thatLuXunlivedin.ThisisthehousewhereLuXunlived.3.关系代词as引导的限制性定语从句,as用作关系代词,既可指人,也可指物。在定语从句中可做主语,宾语和表语。它常用在thesame…as,such…as,as…as,so…as句型中，as不可省略。Suchgirlsasheknewwereteachers.他认识的女孩都是老师。Iwillbuythesamebikeasyours.我要买和你一样的自行车。若与thesame(指同一物)连用,构成thesame...that...结构时,关系代词用that。Thisisthesamemuseumthatyouoncevisited.这就是你曾经参观过的那个博物馆。练习题1、All______isusefultousisgood.A、whichB、whatC、thatD、whetherC2、Shewillneverforgettheday_____shespentinBeijing.A、whenB、whatC、whichD、whyC3、Thisisthefactory_______wevisitedlastyear.A、thatB、whichC、whatD、theoneA4、Whichofthetwocows______youkeepproducesmoremilk?A、whichB、thatC、whatD、asB5、Thecollegewon’ttakeanyone_____eyesightisweak.A、whoB、whoseC、ofwhomD、whichB6、Thisisthelastfactory___heusedtoworkat.A、itB、whichC、thatD、whereC7、Those_____totakepartinthegamewritedownyournames.A、whoB、whowantC、whatwantsD、wantB8、Theyhavedecidedtofinishtheirwork,______Ithinkisawisechoice.A、thatB、whatC、whichD、whetherC9、Thisistheonlything_____Icandonow.A、whatB、whichC、thatD、allC10、Thisisthereason______hetoldme.A、thatB、whyC、onwhichD、forthatA关系副词when,where,why其含义相当于onwhich,inwhich,forwhich，所以可以交替使用。如：①Thedayonwhich/whenImethimfirstwasMay1st.②Theyearinwhich/whenIcameherewas1998.③Thereasonwhy/forwhichhewaslatewasthathegotuplate.④Theroominwhichhelivesfacessouth.which/thathelivesinwherehelivesThisisthereason(why/forwhich/that)hecamelate.Thisistheway(that/inwhich)hedidit.有时可用that代替关系副词，在口语中常可以省略。介词+关系代词要根据a.谓语动词的固定搭配e.g.Thisistheevidencewithwhichthecaseisconnected.b.先行词e.g.I’llneverforgetthedayonwhich\whenIjoinedtheparty.c.句子表达的意思e.g.ThebossinwhosedepartmentMrKingworkedgotsacked.d.在非限制性定语从句中，名词\代词+of+which\whom表示整体与部分的关系e.g.Theworkers,someofwhomstayedforfouryears,camefromdifferentcountries.e.介词的位置一般放在关系代词之前，有时也可放在从句中原来的位置上。e.g.Wediditinthesamewayinwhichhedid\whichhedidin.3、Thisisthefactory_______wevisitedlastyear.A、thatB、whichC、whatD、theoneA4、Isthisfactory____wevisitedlastweek.A、whereB、thatC、whichD、theoneD4、Thisistheschool_______myfatherworked20yearsago.A、thatB、whenC、whichD、whereD6、Thetextisoneofthemostinterestings