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专题三阅读理解一、主旨大意类1．主旨大意类题目的设题方式：(1)Themainideaofthepassageis________.(2)Whatdoesthepassagemainlydealwith?(3)What’sthemainidea/topic/subject/point/themeofthepassage?(4)Thepassageismainlyabout________.(5)Thebesttitleforthepassageis________.(6)Thearticleiswrittentoexplain________.(7)Thesecondparagraphusesthefactstodeveloptheessentialideathat________.(8)Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizestheauthor’smainpoint?(9)Whatisthemainproblembeingdiscussedinthepassage?2．主旨大意类阅读理解的备考策略此类问题属于全局性的问题，难度相对较大，因此必须阅读全文，抓住文章的中心思想。下列几种策略有助于快速准确地把握文章的中心思想：(1)把此类问题留在最后。因为回答其他细节性问题后，自然就会对文章大意有一定的了解。(2)找出文章的中心思想句。要把注意力放在阅读材料的开头和结尾，放在观点性、归纳性和概括性的句子上，放在被许多句子说明和证实的句子上。(3)找出各个段落的主题句。主题句有以下几个特征：①它是概括全段思想的句子；②一般出现在段首，其次是段尾，有的出现在段落当中；③它表达的是观点，而不是事实。(4)注意由insummary，inaword，asaresult，finally，inshort，inconclusion和inbrief等“信号词”引导的句子。(5)正确选项的特点：不出现细节信息；不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。(6)干扰项特点：细节信息明显；过于笼统。实例透析1．(2011·安徽卷·D)Irelandhashadaverydifficulthistory.Theproblemsstartedinthe16thcenturywhenEnglishrulerstriedtoconquer(征服)Ireland.Forhundredsofyears，theIrishpeoplefoughtagainsttheEnglish.Finally，in1921，theBritishgovernmentwasforcedtogiveindependencetothesouthofIreland.Theresultisthattodaytherearetwo“Irelands”．NorthernIreland，inthenorth，ispartoftheUnitedKingdom.TheRepublicofIreland，inthesouth，isanindependentcountry.Inthe1840sthemaincrop，potatoes，wasaffectedbydiseaseandabout750,000peoplediedofhunger.This，andashortage(短缺)ofwork，forcedmanypeopletoleaveIrelandandliveintheUSA，theUK，AustraliaandCanada.Asaresultoftheseproblems，thepopulationfellfrom8.2millionin1841to6.6millionin1851.Formanyyears，themajorityofIrishpeopleearnedtheirlivingasfarmers.Today，manypeoplestillworkonthelandbutmoreandmorepeoplearemovingtothecitiestoworkinfactoriesandoffices.Lifeinthecitiesisverydifferentfromlifeinthecountryside，wherethingsmoveataquieterandslowerpace.TheIrisharefamousforbeingwarm—heartedandfriendly.OscarWilde，afamousIrishwriter，oncesaidthattheIrishwere“thegreatesttalkerssincetheGreeks”．Sinceindependence，Irelandhasrevived(复兴)itsowncultureofmusic，language，literatureandsinging.DifferentareashavedifferentstylesofoldIrishsongswhicharesungwithoutinstruments.OtherkindsofIrishmusicusemanydifferentinstrumentssuchastheviolin，whistles，etc.68．WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph1?A．HowtheIrishfoughtagainsttheEnglish.B．HowIrelandgainedindependence.C．HowEnglishrulerstriedtoconquerIreland.D．Howtwo“Irelands”cameintobeing.答案D解析主旨大意题。通读第一段可知，本段介绍了爱尔兰共和国(TheRepublicofIreland)及北爱尔兰(NorthernIreland)的由来，故D项正确。70．Thelastparagraphismainlyabout________.A．theIrishcharacterB．IrishcultureC．IrishmusicalinstrumentsD．afamousIrishwriter答案B解析主旨大意题。文章末段从爱尔兰民族习性、音乐、语言及文学等方面介绍了爱尔兰民族文化，故B项正确。A、C、D各项虽都提及，但都是细节。解析标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文从地理状况、人口发展、经济情况以及社会生活等方面介绍了爱尔兰共和国的过去及现在，故C项最为全面。71．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．LifeinIrelandB．AVeryDifficultHistoryC．Ireland，PastandPresentD．TheIndependenceofIreland答案C2．(2011·重庆卷·D)WilliamButlerYeats，amostfamousIrishwriter，wasborninDublinonJune13,1865.Hischildhoodlackedtheharmony(和睦)thatwastypicalofahappyfamily.Later，Yeatsshockedhisfamilybysayingthatheremembered“littleofchildhoodbutitspain”．Infact，heinherited(继承)excellenttasteinartfromhisfamily—bothhisfatherandhisbrotherwerepainters.Buthefinallysettledonliterature，particularlydrama(戏剧)andpoetry.Yeatshadstrongfaithinthecomingofnewartisticmovements.HesethimselfthefreshtaskinfoundinganIrishnationaltheatreinthelate1890s.Hisearlytheatricalexperiments，however，werenotreceivedfavorablyatthebeginning.Hedidn’tloseheart，andfinallyenjoyedsuccessinhispoeticaldrama.Comparedwithhisdramaticworks，Yeats’spoemsattractmuchadmiringnotice.Thesubjectmatterincludeslove，nature，history，timeandaging.ThoughYeatsgenerallyreliedonverytraditionalforms，hebroughtmodernsensibilitytothem.Ashisliterarylifeprogressed，hispoetrygrewfinerandricher，whichledhimtoworldwiderecognition.HehadnotenjoyedamajorpublicliftsincewinningtheNobelPrizein1923.Yet，hecontinuedwritingalmosttotheendofhislife.HadYeatsstoppedwritingatage40，hewouldprobablynowbevaluedasaminorpoet，forthereisnootherexampleinliteraryhistoryofapoetwhoproduceshisgreatestworksbetweentheagesof50and75.AfterYeats’sdeathin1939，W.H.Audenwrote，amongothers，thefollowinglines：Earth，receiveanhonouredguest：WilliamYeatsislaidtorest.LettheIrishvessel(船)lieEmptiedofitspoetry.71.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Yeats’sliteraryachievements.B．Yeats’shistoricalinfluence.C．Yeats’sartisticambition.D．Yeats’snationalhonor.答案A解析主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了WilliamButlerYeats的文学成就。考题印证A(2011·山东卷·A)ArthurMiller(1915－2005)isuniversallyrecognizedasoneofthegreatestdramatistsofthe20thcentury.Miller’sfatherhadmovedtotheUSAfromAustriaHungary，drawnlikesomanyothersbythe“GreatAmericanDream”．However，heexperiencedseverefinancialhardshipwhenhisfamilybusinesswasruinedintheGreatDepressionoftheearly1930s.Miller’smostfamousplay，DeathofaSalesman，isapowerfulattackontheAmericansystem，withitsaggressivewayofdoingbusinessanditsinsistenceonmoneyandsocialstatusasindicatorsofworth.InWillyLoman，theherooftheplay，weseeamanwhohasgotintotroublewiththissystem.Willyis“burntout”andinthecruelworldofbus