5.1本章综述本章讨论“定量火灾风险评估”,是指对涉及的火灾危害或火灾场景发生的可能性以及后果的严重程度都进行定量化处理的火灾风险评估。将火灾场景出现的可能性量值和后果严重程度量值相乘的结果,则为此火灾场景的风险值;将所有可能的火灾场景风险值累加在一起,得到总的火灾风险值(overallfireriskvalue)。总的火灾风险值可与其它火灾安全涉及方案或处方式规范要求的火灾安全设计方案进行比较,以确定最为理想的火灾安全设计方案。Theoverallfireriskvaluecanbeusedforcomparisonswiththoseofalternativeorcode-compliantfiresafetydesigns.通常有两种方式进行系统的定量化的火灾风险评估:1.安全检察表方法,详尽考察一系列的潜在火灾危害(potentialfirehazards)及量化其风险;byusingachecklisttogothroughalistofandthequantitativeassessmentoftheirfirerisks;2.事件树方法详尽考察一系列的潜在的火灾场景(potentialfirescenarios)并量化其风险。5.1OverviewInthischapter,quantitativefireriskassessmentisintroduced.Thetermquantitativefireriskassessmentreferstoanassessmentinvolvingnumericalquantificationsnotonlyoftheprobabilityafirehazard,orfirescenariooccurring,butalsotheconsequencesofthatfirehazardorfirescenario.Bymultiplyingthenumericalvaluesofprobabilityandconsequenceeachfirescenarioisgivenanumericalfireriskvalue.Byaccumulatingthesumoftheriskvaluesfromallprobablefirescenarioswecanobtainanoverallfireriskvalue.Theoverallfireriskvaluecanbeusedforcomparisonswiththoseofalternativeorcode-compliantfiresafetydesigns.Ingeneraltherearetwowaystoperformsystematicquantitativefireriskassessmentsasfollows:1.byusingachecklisttogothroughalistofpotentialfirehazardsandthequantitativeassessmentoftheirfirerisks;2.byusinganeventtreetogothroughasetofpotentialfirescenariosandthequantitativeassessmentoftheirfirerisks.Inboththesemethods,thevaluesfortheprobabilityandconsequenceparametersareobtainedfromstatisticaldata,iftheyareavailable,orfromsubjectivejudgment,ifsuchdataarenotavailable.(仅在我们本课程的讲解中,采用了统计或主观估计的方式,火灾的结果还可以通过确定性的分析计算获得)两种方法如果有统计数据可用,则可能性和后果的数值均采用统计数据;否则则来自主观判断。5.2ChecklistMethodAswasdiscussedinChapter4,thechecklistmethodemploysthecreationofachecklistofpotentialfirehazardsandtheconsiderationoffireprotectionmeasures,eitherinplaceortobeadded,toarriveatanassessmentofthefirerisks.Thecreationofachecklistofpotentialfirehazardsallowsasystematiccheckofpotentialfirehazardsthatareinplace.5.2检查表方法此方法要做出一个潜在火灾危害的检查表,并考虑现有的或需要增设的火灾安全措施,对火灾风险进行主观评估。理想的检查表的应用,能够对现场存在的潜在火灾危害进行比较系统的检查或排查。通过将火灾安全措施与相应的潜在火灾危害一一列出,就能够对火灾安全存在哪些方面的不足进行快速地排查,并找到为尽量降低火灾风险,而需要额外设置的火灾安全措施。Thelistingoffireprotectionmeasuresalongsidewiththepotentialfirehazardsallowsaquickcheckofanysafetydeficienciesandanyneedtoprovideadditionalfireprotectionmeasurestominimizetherisk.Thechecklistmethod,therefore,isanenumerationofpotentialfirehazards,fireprotectionmeasures,eitherinplaceortobeadded,andtheassessmentoftheresidualfirerisks.Thelistingoffireprotectionmeasuresalongsidewiththepotentialfirehazardsallowsaquickcheckofanysafetydeficienciesandanyneedtoprovideadditionalfireprotectionmeasurestominimizetherisk.Thechecklistmethod,therefore,isanenumerationofpotentialfirehazards,fireprotectionmeasures,eitherinplaceortobeadded,andtheassessmentoftheresidualfirerisks.Itisusedtoidentifyanydeficienciesandanycorrectivemeasuresneededtominimizethefirerisks.Itdoesnotinclude,however,theconsiderationofthelogicaldevelopmentoffireevents,whichwillbediscussedinSection5.3usinganeventtree.因此检查表方法是要列举出任何潜在的火灾危害、火灾安全措施,无论是现有的或是需要增设的,并给出采取措施后的残余火灾风险(residualfirerisks)的主观评判。它被用来辨识所存在的任何不足的方面和确定将风险降低到最小所需要的补救措施。这种方法对火灾事件的逻辑发展过程(logicaldevelopmentoffireevents)是不加以考虑的,对此在5.3节中应用事件树方法进行讨论。AnexampleofachecklistmethodemployingquantitativefireriskassessmentisshowninTable5.2.ThisisthesameexamplethatwasusedinChapter4,exceptthatquantitativeassessmentisemployedhereratherthanqualitativeassessment.表5.2是一个应用检查表方法进行定量火灾风险评估的例子,这个例子与第四章的相似,但它是定量化的,而不是定性的。这个例子考察的是住宅建筑起居室中潜在的火灾危害以及一些列的火灾安全措施降低火灾风险的情况。Thisexamplelooksatapotentialfirehazardinthelivingroomofahouseandtheconsiderationofanumberofadditionalfireprotectionmeasurestominimizetherisk.当然一个住宅建筑中会有很多潜在的火灾危害。Obviously,therecouldbemanypotentialfirehazardsinahouse.一个全面的火灾风险评估应包括对所有潜在火灾危害的辨识以及采取火灾安全措施降低其风险的情况。Acompletefireriskassessmentwouldinvolvetheidentificationofallpotentialfirehazardsandtheconsiderationofvariousfireprotectionmeasurestominimizetherisk.这个例子考察的是住宅建筑起居室中潜在的火灾危害以及一些额外的火灾安全措施降低其火灾风险的情况。当然一个住宅建筑中会有很多潜在的火灾危害。一个全面的火灾风险评估应包括对所有潜在火灾危害的辨识以及采取火灾安全措施降低其风险的情况。Atypicalhouseusuallyhassomefireprotectionmeasures,suchassmokealarms.Additionalfireprotectionmeasureswouldlowertheriskfurther.SimilartotheexampleinChapter4,thisexampleconsiderssixdifferentcombinationsofthreeadditionalfireprotectionmeasures.一个典型的住宅建筑中通常有一些火灾安全措施,比如感烟报警系统。额外设置其它火灾安全措施能够进一步地降低风险。与第四章中类似,本例中考虑了额外种类火灾安全措施的六种不同组合的情况。Thethreeadditionalfireprotectionmeasuresare:(1)nosmokingmaterial(suchascigarettes)inthelivingroom,(2)sprinklers(3)regularevacuationdrills.Eachofthethreefireprotectionmeasureshasanimpactoneithertheprobabilityoffireoccurrenceortheconsequenceofafireoccurrence.额外的三种火灾安全措施为:(1)起居室中禁烟-nosmokingmaterial(suchascigarettes)inthelivingroom,(2)自动喷水灭火系统-sprinklers(3)定期疏散演练-regularevacuationdrills.每个措施对火灾发生的可能性或火灾后果的严重程度产生一定的影响。Forexample,themeasureof‘nosmokingmaterialinthelivingroom’wouldhaveanimpactonloweringtheprobabilityoffireoccurrence;whereasthemeasuresof‘sprinklers’and‘