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美国部分TheRealisticperiod(现实主义文学时期)本章概述一.十九世纪中期现实主义文学产生的历史、文化背景；二、美国现实主义文学创作的基本特征、基本主张；三、对同时代与后期美国文学的影响；四、主要作家作品。文学史分析一、Thetimeperiod:Theperiodrangingfrom1865to1914hasbeenreferredtoastheAgeofRealismintheliteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStates.二.Thetheoreticalbase:1.ThethoughtsofHowells:A.Theliteraryprinciple:ThefidelisticreflectionofhumanrealityismostclearlyexpressedbyWilliamDeanHowells.B.Theinfluence:Guidedbythisprincipleofadheringtothetruthfultreatmentoflife,therealiststoucheduponvariouscomtemporarysocialandpoliticalissues.2.Thesubjectmatters:A.Thecharacters:Theyintroducedindustrialworkersandfarmers,ambitiousbusinessmenandvagrants,prostitutesandunheroicsoldiersasmajorcharactersinfiction.B.Themodes:TheyapproachedtheharshrealitiesandpressuresinthepostCivilWarsocietyeitherbyacomprehensivepictureofmodernlife,orbyapsychologicalexplorationofman'ssubconsciousness.3.Thethreetoweringfigures:ThethreedorminantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwainandHenryJames.A.Thecommonfeatures:a.Theybroughttofulfillmentnativetrendsintherealisticportrayalbroughttoperfectiontehvernacularstyle.b.TheyestablishedtheliteraryindentityofdistinctivelyAmericanprotagonists,specificallythevernacularheroandtheAmericanGirl.C.Inshort,theysettehexampleandchartedthefuturecoursefortehsubjects,themes,techniquesandstylesoffiction.B.Thedistinctions:a.Theydifferedintheirunderstandingofthetruth.WhileMarkTwainandHowellsseemedtohavepaidmoreattentiontothelifeoftehAmericans,HenryJameshadapparentlylaidagreateremphasisontheinnerworldofman.b.ThoughTwainandHowellsbothsharedthesameconcerninpresentingthetruthoftheAmericansociety,theyhadeachofthemdifferentemphasis.Howellsfocusedhisdiscussiontherisingmiddleclassandthewaytheylived,WhileTwainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstories.三.Thenaturalisminliterature:1.Thesources:TheimpactofDarwin'sevolutionarytheoryandtheinfluenceofthe19thcenturyFrenchliteratureontheAmericanmenoflettersgaverisetoyetanotherschoolofrealism:Americannaturalism.2.Thesubjectmatter:Theychosetheirsubjetsfromthelowerranksofsociety,andportrayedmiseryandpovertyoftheunderdogswhoweredemonstrablyvictimsofsocietyandnature.3.Thethemes:OneofthemostfamiliarthemesinAmericannaturalismisthethemeofhumanbestialityespeciallyasanexplanationofsexauldesire.4.Thefeatures:Artistically,naturalisticwritingsareusuallyunpolishedinlanguage,lackinginacademicskillsandunwieldyinstructure.Philosophically,thenaturalistsbelievethattherealandtrueisalwayspartiallyhiddenfromtheeyesoftehindividual,orbeyondthiscontrol.Inaword,naturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor'stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.主要作家作品A.马克.吐温B.亨利.詹姆斯C.艾米莉.狄金森D.西奥多.德莱塞A.马克.吐温一.Theworks:1.Theearlyperiod:A.WithworkslikeAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnanLifeontheMississippiTwainshapedtheworld'sviewofAmerica.B.ThefirstamongthesebooksisRoughingit.C.TwoofthebestbooksduringthisperiodareTheAdventuresofTomSawyerandAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.2.Thelateperiod:A.theGildedAgeisWrittenincollaborationwithWarner,thenovelexploredthescrupulousindividualism.B.InAConnecticutYankeeinkingArthu'sCourt,Twainfollowsthejourneyofarepresentativeofmoderntechnologyandideasintoahistoricallybackward,feudalsociety.C.Theothersinclude:TheTragedyofPudd'snheadWilsonThemanThatCorruptedHadleyburgandTheMysteriousStrager.二.Themasterpieces:1.Theliterarystatus:TheAdventuresofTomSawyerandAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnprovedthemselvestobethemilestoneinAmericanliterature,andthusfirmlyestablishedTwain'spositionintheliteraryworld.2.Thefeatures:Thebooksarenotedfortheirunpretentious,colloquialyetpoeticstyle,theirwide-ranginghumor,andtheirunviversallyshareddreamofperfectinnocenceandfreedom.3.Thelanguage:thenoveliswritteninalanguagewhichisnotgrand,pompous,butsimple,direct,lucid,andfaithfultothecolloquialspeech.4.Thecharacterportrayal:TheprofoundportraitofHuckleberryFinnisanothergreatcontributionofthebooktothelegacyofAmericanliterature.三.Theartisticfeatures:1.Thelocalcolor:Twainisalsoknownasalocalcolorist,whopreferredtopresentsociallifethroughportraitsofthelocalcharactersofhisregions,UnlikeJamesandHowells,MarkTwainwroteaboutthelower-classpeople.2.Thelanguage:AnotherfactthatmadeTwainuniqueishismagicpowerwithlanguage,hisuseofvernacular.Hiswordsarecolloquial,concreteanddirectineffect,andhissentencestructuresaresimple,3.Thesenseofhumor:MarkTwain'shumorisremarkable,too.MarkTwainsharedthepopularimageoftheAmericanfunnyman.However,hishumorisnotonlyofwittyremarks,butakindofartisticstyleusedtocriticizethesocialinujusticandsatirizethedecayedromanticism.B.亨利.詹姆斯一.Theliterarycreation:TheliteraryofHenryJamesisgenerallydividedintothreeperiods.1.Theearlyperiod:A.Thetheme:JamestookgreatinterestininternationalthemeshetreatedwithgreatcaretheclashesbetweentwodifferentculturesandtheemotionalandmoralproblemsofAmericaninEurope,orEuropeansinAmerica.B.TheWorks:theAmerican,DaisyMiller,TheEuropeans,ThePortraitofALadyisgenerallyconsideredtobehsimasterpiece.2.Themiddleperiod:A.theTheme:Jamesexperimentedwithdifferentthemesandforms