现代英语词汇学4

现代英语词汇学ModernEnglishLexicologyUnit4词的语义特征内容提要概述动态动词静态动词第四章：词的语义特征语义特征（semanticfeatures）是对人类抽象活动的一种概括。，属于元语言（metalanguage）。用来描写任何语言的语义。如：具有语义特征A，记作[+A]；不具有语特征A，记作[-A]。第四章：词的语义特征描述如下：Man+Male+Adult+HumanWoman-Male+Adult+HumanBoy+Male-Adult+HumanGirl-Male-Adult+HumanBullock+Male+Adult-HumanCow-Male+Adult-Human第四章：词的语义特征动词：一、动态动词：1.表活动的动词;Abandon,ask,call,help,learn,listen,lookat,play,say,work,write2.表过程的动词：Change,deteriorate,grow,mature,slowdown,widen第四章：词的语义特征动词：一、动态动词：3.表人体感觉的词：ache,feel,hurt,itch4.表过渡性经历的动词arrive,die,fall,land,leave,lose5.表短暂动作hit,jump,kick,knock,nod,tap第四章：词的语义特征二、静态动词：1.表示情性感觉和认知的动词abhor(痛恨），adore（崇拜），astonish,believe,desire,detest（厌恶）,feel,hate,like,love,realize,recall等。2.表示关系的动词Applyto(everyone),be,belongto,concern,consistof,contain,cost,dependon,deserve等第四章：词的语义特征根据次范畴化（subcastegorization)规则，可对动词进一步细分：及物和不及物。KilldieKill=[cause]X[die]YDie=[cause]X[die]X第四章：词的语义特征有些动词可根据语义特征[±Volitive]加以区分。Look,see;listen,hearA.JohnlookedhighandlowforMary,buthedidnotseeher.B.Welistenedbutcouldhearnothing.Johnwaslookingintentlyatthepictureonthewall.Theyarelisteningattentivelytothelecture.第四章：词的语义特征及物与不及物——volitiveThesoldiersmarched(home).Theymarchedthesoldiers(home)Mydogwaswalking.Iwaswalkingmydog.Joestood(againstthewall).Theystoodjoeagainstthewall.第四章：词的语义特征Furtherdiscussion:1.动态：Kick,persuade;静态：own,resemble动态动词可以用于命令句，而静态动词常不用。Kicktheball.Persuadehimtoleave.?Ownthehouse.?Resembleyourfather.第四章：词的语义特征2.动态动词可用进行体，而静态动词常不用。Thegirliskickingtheball.Thegirlispersuadinghimtoleave.?Thepatronisowningthehouse.?Thegirlisresemblingherfather.第四章：词的语义特征3.动态动词可用于内嵌句（embeddedsentence）而静态动词不可。Itoldthegirltokicktheball.Itoldthegirltopersuadehimtoleave.?Itoldthegirltoownthehouse.?Itoldthegirltoresembleherfather.第四章：词的语义特征4.在带有do代词形式的假似分裂句中只能用动态动词。WhatIdidwastolearnthelanguage.?WhatIdidwastoknowthelanguage.第四章：词的语义特征Discussion:Bepatient.?Betipsy.Theconductorisbeingpatient.Heisbeingpatient.?Heisbeingtipsy.Itoldthemantobepatient.?Itoldthemantobetipsy.WhatIdidwastobepatient.?WhatIdidwastobetipsy.第四章：词的语义特征ThankYouUnit5词义的变化内容提要一词多义词义变化的方式1.词义的扩展2.词义的缩小3.词义的升格4.词义的降格5.词义的转移第四章：词义的变化一词多义（polysemy）：语境与一词多义：1.Hisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertake-off.2.Modernaircraftaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.3.Inspiredbytheseideas,in1752,Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod.第五章：词义的变化4.Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservation.5.Untilthedomaintheoryofmagnetismwasdeveloped,theydidnothavemuchsuccess.6.Todevelopthecapabilitiesofthegeophysicalprospecting,therenewalofthetechniquesandequipmentisthefirstthingtobeconsidered.第五章：词义的变化7.Mostofthemoneycamefromsellingthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped.8.AsyoungGoddardgrewintomanhood,hedevelopedtuberculosis.9.Wemustdevelopallthenaturalsubstancesinourcountrywhichcanmakeusrich.第五章：词义的变化10.Severalattemptshavebeenmadethroughtheyearstodevelopthedeposit.11.Indevelopingadesign,theengineermustapplyhisknowledgeofengineeringandmaterialscience.12.Asearlyashissecondfilm,Chaplinhaddevelopedhisownmannerofactingtheonethatwastobecomeworldfamous.13.BythefirstcenturythemakingofpaperinsomepartsoftheChinahadbeenwelldevelopedandbeencommon.第五章：词义的变化14.Itisbelievedthatbeforewritingwasdeveloped,peopleinChinausedtokeeprecordsbyputtinganumberofstonestogether.15.SomemarriedpeoplewhoarenotsatisfiedwiththeirfamilymayresorttotheInternettodevelopanextramaritalaffair.16.Andthirdly,computergameshelpdevelopchildren’sinterestincomputers.第五章：词义的变化原始意义与派生意义：primarymeaning&derivativemeaningHarvest秋天(原指）autumn秋天(法语）收割。第五章：词义的变化Pain惩罚（原始意义）Painsandpenalties.On(under)painof(death)Pain痛（现代意义）第五章：词义的变化examples:place:Place来源于希腊文plateia，意为broadway被拉丁文借用,成为：platea,意为broadstreet或openspace.进入中古英语:意为openspace进入现代英语：任何处所、地点。第五章：词义的变化中心意义与次要意义Centralsignification&secondarymeaning第五章：词义的变化辐射式Radiation一个词的主要以居于首位，次要意义就像光线一样向外辐射。核心词义XinjiangAgriculturalUniversity第五章：词义的变化handAsailoronashipAworkmanApointeronaclockWhenexperienceddirectlyHandwritingControlApractiserofaskillHelp第五章：词义的变化1.Aworkman:Heisamachinehand.2.Asailoronaship:Allhandsareondeck.3.Handwriting:Hewritesaclearhand.4.Help:hegaveahandtome.5.Apointerontheclock:Ontheclocktherearethreehands:thesecondhand,theminutehandandhourhand.6.Control:Theboyshavegotquiteoutofhand.7.Apractiserofaskill:Heisanoldhand.8.Whenexperienceddirectly:Ihearditsecondhand,whenhisfather,whosawthefire,toldmymotherwhotoldme.第五章：词义的变化链条式concatenation:从一个词义中衍生处第二个词义，第二个词义有衍生处第三个词义，如此下去。1234第五章：词义的变化Cheater:1.Anofficerwhoattendedtoescheats(管理无人继承土地归属的官员)2.Anescheatorwhowasdishonest3.Adishonestperson第五章：词义的变化Pen:原意为feather1.Feather2.Writinginstrumentmadeoffeather3.Writinginstrumentmadeofwood4.Writinginstrumentmadeofmetal5.TheactionofwritingbooksHelivesbyhispen.第五章：词义的变化Nice:古法语：foolish/silly意义发展1.Foolish愚蠢的2.wanton变化无常的3.strange陌生的4.lazy懒惰的5.coy害羞的6.modest谦虚的7.fastidious爱挑剔的8.refined精致的9.precise精确的10.subtle精巧的11.slender修长的12.critical苛求的13.attentive注意的14.minutelyaccurate极精确的15.dainty精美的16.appetiz