现代英语词汇学概论5

现代英语词汇学概论LexicologyChapter5WordmeaningandSemanticFeaturesChapter55.1ConventionalityandMotivation5.2MainTypesofWordMeaning5.3ComponentialAnalysisandSemanticFeatures5.1Therelationshipbetweenthesound-symbolanditssenseQuestions:1.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense?Howarethesoundandmeaningofwordsrelated?Howarethesoundandmeaningofwordsrelated?Twoways:1.Conventionality(约定俗成)2.Motivation(有理可据)ConventionalityConventionalorarbitraryArbitrary:adj.decidedbyorbasedonchanceorpersonalopinionratherthanfactsorreason.Conventionalorarbitrary:thereisnointrinsicrelationbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense.MotivationMotivation:thereistheconnectionbetweenword-symbolanditssensePhoneticmotivationMorphologicalmotivationSemanticmotivationPhoneticmotivation:pronunciationsuggeststhemeaning,includingechoicwordsoronomatopoeicwordsE.g.woof-woofthewoof-woofofadogmiaowthemiaowofacatroartheroarofalionbangthebangofadoorMorphologicalmotivation:thereisadirectconnectionbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.E.g.anticancerkilogramgood-lookingdaydreamSemanticmotivation:Thefigurativemeaningcanbeunderstoodbythosewhoknowtheliteralmeaning.E.g.astonyheartthelegofatableWhatistherelationshipbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense?1.Conventionality(约定俗成)Mostwordsareconventional.2.Motivation(有理可据)back5.2TypesofWordMeaningTypesofWordMeaning:A.GrammaticalmeaningB.LexicalmeaningTypesofWordMeaningA.Grammaticalmeaning1.word-class2.inflectionalparadigmB.Lexicalmeaning1.denotativemeaning2.connotativemeaning3.socialorstylisticmeaning4.affectivemeaningbackA.Grammaticalmeaning1.word-class:Theword-classdeterminesthepositionthatawordnormallyoccupiesinasentencee.g.Beingachild,hecan’tunderstandwhathejustsaid.Heneverdreamsofbeingasuperstar.____inanatmosphereofsimplelivingwaswhatherparentswishedfor.A.ThegirltobeeducatedC.ThegirleducatedB.Thegirl’sbeingeducatedD.ThegirlwaseducatedA.Grammaticalmeaning2.inflectionalparadigmseasonsofayear一年四季thepoles南北两极“Iboughtit,”saidBecky,inavoicetremblingwithemotion;“IwenttoseeifIcouldbeofanyusetomykindfriends.Ihaveneverpartedwiththatpicture---Ineverwill.”“是我把它买下的。那时候我去看了看到底有没有法子帮帮我的好朋友们。我一直把这幅画好好藏着-----我以后也要把它好好藏着。”B.Lexicalmeaning1.denotativemeaning（外延意义）conceptualmeaning(概念意义)thenon-linguisticentities(physicalobjects,naturalphenomena/things,events,processes)towhichawordrefersaword’sdefinitiongiveninadictionarye.g.chairchair:apieceoffurnitureforonepersontositon,whichusuallyahsaback,aseat,fourlegs,andsometimesarmsthesamemeaningforallspeakersofagivencommunityItisthataspectoflexicalmeaningwhichmakescommunicationpossible.thecentralfactorinlinguisticcommunicationB.Lexicalmeaning2.connotativemeaning(内涵意义)theemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasesuggestsinone’sminde.g.motherdenotativemeaning:femaleparentconnotativemeaning:love,care,warmtwolevelsofconnotationConnotationspertainingtoindividualsbasedonpersonalexperiencee.g.fatherConnotationspertainingtoagroupe.g.communist,road,UncleSamB.Lexicalmeaning3.socialorstylisticmeaningthecriterionofformality:formal,neutralandinformalB.Lexicalmeaning4.affectivemeaningappreciatory(apprec.),derogatory(derog.)TypesofWordMeaningA.Grammaticalmeaning1.word-class2.inflectionalparadigmB.Lexicalmeaning1.denotativemeaning2.connotativemeaning3.socialorstylisticmeaning4.affectivemeaningback5.3ComponentialAnalysisandSemanticFeaturesA:maleB:female(-male)C:small(-adult)(1):human(2):Bovine(3):Ovine(4):PorcineManMan:[+Hunan+Adult+Male]ChildChild:[+Human-Adult+Male]CowCow:[+Bovine+Adult-Male]LambLamb:[+Ovine-Adult+Male]BoarBoar:[+Porcine+Adult-Male]Semanticfeatures(语义特征)[Male][Adult][Human][Bovine][Ovine][Porcine]componentialanalysisAprocessofbreakingdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponents(semanticfeatures).HowtodoacomponentialanalysisonthebasisofsemanticcontrastAdvantagesofcomponentialanalysisEnableustohaveanexactknowledgeoftheconceptualmeaningofawordHelpustochoosetherightwordorcollocatione.g.Fivestudentselapsed.Fiveyearselapsed.Elapse:vi.fml.(oftime)passbyThecommitteehasanticipatedtheproblemsthat_____intheroadconstructionproject.(2007TEM4)A.ariseB.willariseC.aroseD.havearisen6.subtle/delicateA.Thereisaverysubtledifferencebetween“citizenrights”and“humanrights”.B.Thisisadelicatesituation.Wemusthandleitwithgreatcare.C.Shelookedverydelicate,butshewasveryenergeticandhadastrongwill.Delicate:需要谨慎处理和对待becomingilleasily;notstrong容易生病的;不强壮的Subtle:有洞察、领悟事物细微差别和微妙关系的能力noteasytodetectordescribe;fine;delicate/organizedinacleverandcomplexway巧妙的/abletoseeanddescribefineanddelicatedifferences;sensitive敏锐的6.subtle/delicateA.Thereisaverysubtledifferencebetween“citizenrights”and“humanrights”.B.Thisisadelicatesituation.Wemusthandleitwithgreatcare.C.Shelookedverydelicate,butshewasveryenergeticandhadastrongwill.backSubtle:adj.a.noteasytonotice,understand,orexplaindifficulttounderstand难理解→微妙的e.g.subtledifferencesinmeaningb.cleverinarrangement,esp.soastodeceivepeople精妙的e.g.asubtleplanc.verycleverinnoticingandunderstandinge.g.asubtlemindbackDelicate:adj