专业英语--材料部分

ScientificEnglishforPostgraduatesforProfessionalMasterDegree1Introductiontothecourse•AboutthecoursePolymerMaterials(郑学晶)MetalMaterials(胡俊华)InorganicMaterials(范冰冰)MaterialEngineering,NanoMaterials,ScientificLiteratureReading&Writing(陈德良)•AboutmeSichuanUniversityBachelor&MasterInstituteofChemistryChineseAcademyofSciencesPhDTechnologyUniversityofEindhovenTheNetherlandsPostdocZhengzhouUniversityAssociateProfessorinPolymerScience&EngineeringAboutMaterialsLifeinthe21stcenturyiseverdependentonanunlimitedvarietyofadvancedmaterials.Inourconsumptiveworld,itiseasytotakeforgrantedthemacro-,micro-,andnanoscopicbuildingblocksthatcompriseanyitemproduced.Wearespoiledbythetechnologythataddsconveniencetoourlives,suchasmicrowaveovens,laptopcomputers,digitalcellphones,andimprovedmodesoftransportation.However,werarelytaketimetothinkaboutandappreciatethematerialsthatconstitutethesemodernengineeringfeats.Thetermmaterialmaybebroadlydefinedasanysolid-statecomponentordevicethatmaybeusedtoaddressacurrentorfuturesocietalneed.Forinstance,simplebuildingmaterialssuchasnails,wood,etc.addressourneedofshelter.Othermoreintangiblematerialssuchasnanodevicesmaynotyetbewidelyprovenforparticularapplications,butwillbeessentialforthefurtherneedsofourcivilization.Althoughtheabovedefinitionincludessolidnanostructuralbuildingblocksthatassembletoformlargermaterials,itexcludescomplexliquidcompoundssuchascrudeoil,whichmaybemoreproperlyconsideredaprecursorformaterials.Materialsscienceisaninterdisciplinaryfieldapplyingthepropertiesofmattertovariousareasofscienceandengineering.Thisscientificfieldinvestigatestherelationshipbetweenthestructureofmaterialsatatomicormolecularscalesandtheirmacroscopicproperties.Itincorporateselementsofappliedphysicsandchemistry.Materialssciencealsodealswithfundamentalpropertiesandcharacteristicsofmaterials.Examplesentences:•Various:Chemicalproperties,atthenano-scale,describehowthechainsinteractthroughvariousphysicalforces.Apolymer’sarchitectureaffectsmanyofitsphysicalpropertiesincluding,butnotlimitedto,solutionviscosity,meltviscosity,solubilityinvarioussolvents.•Investigate:Title:Anovelspectroscopicapproachtoinvestigatetransportprocessesinpolymers:inthecaseofwater-epoxysystem•Incorporate:Halogenslikechlorineandfluorineareveryrareinnaturalpolymers,butmanysyntheticpolymersincorporatetheseelements.Athermo-responsivepolymerisincorporatedintoafuelcellinordertomaintainoptimumhydrationofthepolymerelectrolytemembraneExamplesentences:ClassesofMaterialsMaterialsscienceencompassesvariousclassesofmaterials,eachofwhichmayconstituteaseparatefield.Thereareseveralwaystoclassifymaterials.Forinstancebythetypeofbondingbetweentheatoms.Thetraditionalgroupsareceramics,metalsandpolymersbasedonatomicstructureandchemicalcomposition.Newmaterialshasresultedinmoreclasses.Onewayofclassifyingmaterialsis:•Biomaterials•Carbon•Ceramics•Compositematerials•Glass•Metals•Nanomaterials•Polymers•Refractory•Semiconductors•ThinFilms•FunctionallyGradedMaterialsExamplesentences:•Resultin,resulting:Theadditionofahigherratioofcrosslinkingagentwillresultinaveryviscouspolymer.Itservesasasolvent,whichisincorporatedintothepolymerstructure,resultinginlowVOCemissions.Theresultingmixturewassubjecttosonicationfor1mininanicebath.1.IntroductiontoPolymersandPolymerizations(PolymerCompositionandStructure,PolymerizationMechanism)2.PolymerPhysics(Chainstructure,aggregatestructure,polymermulticomponentsystems,molecularweightandmolecularweightdistribution)3.PolymerChemistry(Additionandcondensationpolymerization,freeradicalpolymerization,polymerizationprocessing)4.PolymerStructuralAnalysis(SEM,TEM,FTIR,DSC,Mechanicaltests)5.PolymerProcessing(Extrusion,Injectionmolding)ContentsofPolymerMaterialsAPolymerisamacromoleculecomposedofrepeatingstructuralunits.Thesmallmoleculesthatcombinewitheachothertoformpolymermoleculesaretermedmonomers,andthereactionsbywhichtheycombinearetermedpolymerizations.•‘poly’meansmanyand‘mer’=parts.Forexample:Polyethyleneismadeby‘joining’manyethylenemoleculestogether.Theprocessof‘joining’iscalledpolymerization.•Inapolymer,thesubunitsaretypicallyconnectedbycovalentchemicalbonds.1Whatarepolymers?13monomerpolymerLikemostothertechnologicaldevelopment,polymerswerefirstusedonanimperialbasis,withonlyveryincompleteunderstandingoftherelationshipsbetweenstructureandproperties.Thefirstusedpolymersusedwerenaturalproductsthatdatebacktoantiquity.Thefirsttrulysyntheticpolymerwasadenselycross-linkedmaterialbasedonthereactionofphenolandformaldehydecalledBakelite.Bakelitewasathermoset;thatis,itdidnotflowafterthesynthesiswascomplete.Thefirstsyntheticthermoplastics,thatis,materialsthatcouldflowonheating,werepoly(vinylchloride),polystyreneandnylon66.2HistoricalDevelopmentofPolymersthermo-“热”•thermocouple•thermodynamics•thermoforming•thermogram•thermometer热电偶热力学热压成形温谱图，温度记录图温度计AboutPolymerPhysicsChainstructureofpolymersleadsontophysicalandmechanicalbehavior.Polymerchainshavethreebasicproperties:1.Themolecularweightandmolecularweightdistributionofthemolecules.2.Theconformation(