植物学专业英语资料(经典超全面)

1Chapter1BotanyandItsSubdisciplines1.1Botany1.1.1DefinitionBotanyisthebranchofbiologyconcernedwiththescientificstudyofplants.1.1.2ScopeofplantTwo-kingdomsystem:PlantaeandAnimaliaPlantisanyorganismthatcannotmove.Plantisanyautotrophicorganism.Itproducesitsownfoodfromrawinorganicmaterialsandsunlight.Five-kingdomsystem:Monera,Protista,Fungi,Plantae,AnimaliaPlantisamulticellular,eukaryoticorganismthatgenerallydoesnothavesensoryorgansorvoluntarymotionandhas,whencomplete,aroot,stem,andleaves.1.2PlantCytology1.2.1DefinitionPlantCellBiology(formerlyplantcytology)isthebranchofBotanyandCellBiologythatstudiesplantcells.1.2.2ResearchareasPhysiologicalpropertiesofcellsCellstructure(includeorganelles)InteractionswithenvironmentCellcycleCelldivisionCelldeath1.2.3ResearchToolsOpticalMicroscopeTransmissionElectronMicroscopeScanningElectronMicroscopeFluorescenceMicroscopeConfocalMicroscope1.3PlantMorphology1.3.1DefinitionPlantmorphologyisthebranchofBotanythatstudiesthephysicalformsandexternalstructuresofplants.Plantmorphologyrepresentsastudyofthedevelopment,form,andstructureofplants.1.3.2Researchareas2Therearefourmajorareasofinvestigationinplantmorphology,andeachoverlapswithanotherfieldofthebiologicalsciences.Comparativemorphology:themorphologistexaminesstructuresinmanydifferentplantsofthesameordifferentspecies,thendrawscomparisonsandformulatesideasaboutsimilarities.Thisaspectofplantmorphologyoverlapswiththestudyofplantevolutionandpaleobotany.Homology-thestructureissimilarbetweenthetwospeciesbecauseofsharedancestryandcommongenetics.Forexample,theleavesofpine,oak,andcabbagealllookverydifferent,butsharecertainbasicstructuresandarrangementofparts.Convergence-thestructureissimilarbetweenthetwospeciesbecauseofindependentadaptationtocommonenvironmentalpressures.Plantdevelopment:theprocessbywhichstructuresoriginateandmatureasaplantgrows.Thisareaofplantmorphologyoverlapswithplantphysiologyandecology.Vegetativeandreproductivecharacters:Plantmorphologytreatsboththevegetativestructuresofplants,aswellasthereproductivestructures.Thisareaofplantmorphologyoverlapswiththestudyofbiodiversityandplantsystematics.Structuresatarangeofscales:Atthesmallestscalesareultrastructure,thegeneralstructuralfeaturesofcellsvisibleonlywiththeaidofanelectronmicroscope.Atthisscale,plantmorphologyoverlapswithplantanatomy.Atthelargestscaleisthestudyofplantgrowthhabit,theoverallarchitectureofaplant.1.4PlantAnatomyPlantanatomyisthestudyoftheinternalstructureofplants.Itwasincludedinplantmorphologybefore.Itisnowfrequentlyinvestigatedatthecellularlevel,andofteninvolvesthesectioningoftissuesandmicroscopy.1.5PlantTaxonomy1.5.1DefinitionPlanttaxonomyisthesciencethatfinds,describes,classifies,identifies,andnamesplants.Planttaxonomyiscloselyalliedtoplantsystematics,andthereisnosharpboundarybetweenthetwo.Inpractice,plantsystematicsisinvolvedwithrelationshipsbetweenplantsandtheirevolution,especiallyatthehigherlevels,whereasplanttaxonomydealswiththeactualhandlingofplantspecimens.1.5.2TwogoalsofplanttaxonomyTwogoalsofplanttaxonomyaretheidentificationandclassificationofplants.Thedistinctionbetweenthesetwogoalsisimportantandoftenoverlooked.Plantidentificationisthedeterminationoftheidentityofanunknownplantbycomparisonwithpreviouslycollectedspecimensorwiththeaidofbooksoridentificationmanuals.Theprocessofidentificationconnectsthespecimenwithapublishedname.Onceaplantspecimenhasbeenidentified,itsnameandpropertiesareknown.Plantclassificationistheplacingofknownplantsintogroupsorcategoriestoshowsomerelationship.Scientificclassificationfollowsasystemofrulesthatstandardizestheresults,andgroupssuccessivecategoriesintoahierarchy.1.6Plantecology3Plantecologyisthesubdisciplineofecologywhichstudiesthedistributionandabundanceofplants,theinteractionsamongandbetweenmembersofplantspecies,andtheirinteractionswiththeirenvironment.Plantecologyhasitsrootsbothinplantgeographyandinstudiesoftheinteractionsbetweenindividualplantsandtheirenvironment.Thescopeofplantecologyencompassesplantecophysiology,plantpopulationecology,communityecology,ecosystemecology,landscapeecologyandglobalecology.Atfinerscalestherearedistinctdifferencesbetweenplantandanimalecology,butatbroaderscaleslikeecosystemecologystudiestendtointegrateacrosssubdisciplines.1.7PlantphysiologyPlantphysiologyisasubdisciplineofbotanyconcernedwiththefunctioningofplants.Closelyrelatedfieldsincludeplantmorphology,plantecology(interactionswiththeenvironment),phytochemistry(biochemistryofplants),cellbiology,andmolecularbiology.Fundamentalprocessessuchasphotosynthesis,respiration,plantnutrition,planthormonefunctions,tropisms,nasticmovements,photoperiodism,photomorphogenesis,circadianrhythms,environmentalstressphysiology,seedgermination,seeddormancy,stomatafunctionandtranspirationarestudiedbyplantphysiologists.1.8PhytochemistryPhytochemistryisinthestrictsenseofthewordthestudyofchemicalsderivedfromplants.Inanarrowersensethetermsareoftenusedtodescribethelargenumberofsecondarymetaboliccompoundsfoundinplants.Techniquescommonlyusedinthefiel