新编商务英语写作The-Development-ot-the-Paragraph

TheParagraph(3):TheDevelopmentoftheParagraphJoanna&NancyB.PatternofDevelopingParagraphsDevelopmentbyTimeDevelopmentbySpaceDevelopmentbyProcessDevelopmentbyCitingStatisticsDevelopmentbyComparisonandContrastDevelopmentbyExemplificationDevelopmentbyCauseandEffectDevelopmentbyDefinitionDevelopmentbyClassification1.DevelopmentbyTimeTodescribeeventsbytheorderoftimeinwhichtheytakeplace2.DevelopmentbySpaceWhenwedescribeaplace,whetheritbearoomorabigpark,wenormallydescribeitaccordingtocertainspatialorderasifwewereshootingafilm——eitherfromlefttoright,fromtoptobottom,orfromwhatisnearbytowhatisinthedistance,etc.Sample2Mydormitoryroomissmallandcrowed.Thedarkgreenwallsanddirtywhiteceilingmaketheroomseemdim,andthusevensmallerthanitis.Asyouwalkintotheroom,youarestoppedshortbymybed,whichfillshalfoftheroom.Thetwolargewindowsoverthebedarehiddenbyheavydarkgreendrapes.Againstthewallontheleft,pushedintoacornerbehindtheheadofthebed,isalargebookcasethatiscrammedwithpapers,booksandknickknacks.Wedgedinbetweenthebookcaseandthewalloppositethebedisasmallgreymetaldesk.Ithasabrownwoodenchairthatseemstofilltheleftendoftheroom.Stuffedunderthedeskisawovenwastepaperbasketoverflowingwithpaperanddebris.Thewallabovethebookcaseanddeskiscompletelytakenupwithtwosmallposters.Ontherighthandsideoftheroomisanarrowclosetwithclothes,shoes,hats,tennisracquets,andboxesbulgingoutofitsslidingdoors.EverytimeIwalkoutofthedoor,Ithink,“NowIknowwhatitisliketoliveinacloset.”Inexample,thefirstsentence,i.e.thetopicsentence,givesusageneralideaabouttheroom.Thewriterfirstdescribethewallandtheceiling,i.e.fromthetop.Thenhemoveshis“camera”tohisbed,whichoccupieshalfoftheroom.Fromthereheturnstotheleft,thentotheplaceunderthedesk,andthenbacktothewall.Finallyhedescribestherightsideoftheroom.Afterthatwehavetheconcludingsentence,whichiswhatthewriterthinksoftheroom.Readsamplesontextbook3.DevelopmentbyProcessDevelopingaparagraphbyprocessisastep-by-stepdescriptionofhowsomethingisdone.Inasenseitisalsoakindofchronologicalorder,sinceitfollowsthenaturalorderinwhichtheeventtakesplace.Assignments:Ex1&Ex2Key4.DevelopmentbyCitingStatisticsThetechniqueofdevelopingaparagraphbycitingstatisticsiscommonlyusedinresearchpapersorsimilarwritings.Whenproperlyused,statisticswilllendcredibilitytoourarguments.Sample1:TheU.S.CensusBureauhasestimatedthatthepopulationoftheUnitedStatescouldapproach300millionin2000andwillbe400millionin2020.AndtheU.S.DepartmentofCommerceestimatesthattheaverageU.S.percapitaincomewillincreasefrom$3,400in1969totheequivalentof$8,500(assuminga1967pricelevel)intheyear2000,2.5timesasmuchasthatof1969.ItisareportoftheestimationoftheU.S.CensusBureau.ThelisteningofthestatisticsgivesthereaderssomespecificinformationaboutthepopulationandcapitaincomeoftheUnitedStatesinthefuture.Sample2:DuetoincreasesinoutputfromtheNorthSea,oilproductionroseby47.2%tocompensatefora1.6%fallinU.S.production.AttheendofJune,inventoriesinthesevenbiggestoilconsumptioncountrieswere3.8%abovethelevelsofthepreviousyear.Europeanstockswereup5.7%andU.S.by3.8%.OnlyinJapanwerestockslower—1.3%.Thissamplegivesreadersaspecificfigureofthesevenbiggestpetroleumconsumers.Inbothcases,thecitedstatisticshelpmaketheessaysmuchmoreconvincing.Theselectionofstatisticsisalsoveryimportant.Forexample:Whenwetalkaboutthethreatofnuclearweapons,itmightbemoreeffectivetopointoutthattheUnitedStatesandRussiaalonepossessenoughweaponstodestroyourglobeovertwentytimesthantocitetheactualnumberofsuchweaponstheyhave.5.DeveolpmentbycomparisonandContrastTheyareusuallyappliedtothethingsbelongingtothesamegeneralclass.Theyareusuallyusedbetweentwoapparentlysimilarthingstorevealtheirsignificantdifferences,orbetweentwoseeminglyunrelatedthingstodiscovertheirsimilaritiessofarunsuspected.UsefulExpressionofContrastUsefulExampleofComparison6.DevelopmentbyExemplificationExemplification:Itreferstotheuseofexamplesinsupportofthemainideaoftheparagraph.Conjunction:forexampleforinstancetakethecaseofsth.suchastake……forexampleillustratesb./sth./serves/canbeusedas/a/typical/representative//example/illustration/.acaseinpointisthat……OrganizationofExampleParagraphsA.General-to-specificPatternItstartswithatopicsentence.Thenseveralexamples(details)aregiventobackuptheopeningstatement.见书上P137Sample(A.)B.Specific-to-generalPatterna.Theexamples(details)arementionedfirst,andthegeneralstatement,whichmaybethetopicsentence,comesattheendoftheparagraph,summarizingthepointsinthedevelopment,restatingthetopicsentence,givingasuggestion,apredictionorraisingaquestion.b.Detailsandexamplesarearrangedinclimacticorder;theleastimportantcomesfirst,followedbyothersinorderofincreasingimportance例子自己找7.DevelopmentbyCauseandEffectHomework8.DevelopmentbyDefinitionDefinitionisastatementofthemeaning,natureorlimitsofsomething.Whenweintroducesomenewconceptsorterms,wemusttellthereaderwhattheyareorwhattheymean.Definitionassuchisextremelyimportantbecausewecannotunderstandwhatapieceofwritingisaboutwithoutknowingthemeaningofthekeyterms.Sample1:AUSassociatedegreeisatwo-yeardegreegivenbytwotypesofcoll