20世纪地球物理学的重要成就和21世纪的发展前沿

2021滕吉文(,100101):2021(),,:(1);(2)20;(3)21:;;;;;;:P3:A:10052321(2003)01011724:20021120;:20021229:(40074020);(KZCX2CO9):(1934),,1962,,,,Email:[e-mail]0,,[1],!(D∀),,,,,[2]30a,,,,20,,;(),(),,,10120033(,)EarthScienceFrontiers(ChinaUniversityofGeosciences,Beijing)Vol.10No.1Mar.200321,,,,,(),,20,21,!12020,,km,,,2050,,51.1,,(!),,,,1.2,,9010a,20(,,),,1/620,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1.3,,,,1740a,,,,:118/地学前缘(EarthScienceFrontiers)2003,10(1),;;,;,;,,,,,[3]1957,607080,,,90,();80,,,,,,,,2050,21,(),,,,,,,,,20a,(),,,,,21,220,,,,(D∀),,[4][5],,,,,![6],/地学前缘(EarthScienceFrontiers)2003,10(1)119,:(1);(2)20,,:(1),;(2),;(3)(),20,40a14(),,,,,2.1,,,,,,,,,,,,[4],:(1),Moho;(2),;(3);(4)!,;(5),;(6)2.220[7],,,,,;,,,(1)图1地球内部的物质组成和流变学特征层圈结构图(PKearey,1990)Fig1ComparisonbetweenthecompositionalandrheologicallayeringoftheEarth(1)1939(H.Jefferys)(K.E.Bullen)[8],,PS,JB(I.P.Lehman)[9]1940,A,B,C,D,E,F,G[10,11],,,(1),A,B(B#B∀B),C,D(D#D∀),E(E#E∀),FG[12]1967120/地学前缘(EarthScienceFrontiers)2003,10(1)P[13],(2),[14]1Table1NewlayeringoftheEarth/kmA0~40B40~350B#B∀BC350~650DD#650~2550D∀2550~2885EE#2885~3170E∀3170~4170,F4170~5155,G5155~6370(2),,,19711UGG!,,,1973IASPEI!10a,,1981IASPEI(A.M.Dziewonslci)(D.L.Anderson)!(PREM)[15],201906(H.D.Oldham),1909(A.Mohoronvicic),6.3km/s8.0km/s,(Moho)[16],1912(B.Gutenberg)2900km[17],1914(J.Barrell),1936(L.Lehnan)P#图2震源位于地表情况下不同震相的平均走时曲线图(E.Herin,1968)Fig2AveragetraveltimesforasurfacesourceforvariousphasesPK1KP[18],1940,,(3)[19]/地学前缘(EarthScienceFrontiers)2003,10(1)12150,图3上地幔低速层运动学特征示意图(KEBullen,1985)Fig3SketchmapforkinematicalcharacteristicsoflowvelocitylayerinuppermantleaP;b(3)1952(L.Cagnird)[20],,1952(TC)[21],19571958,60!,70!,80!,,,(4)70,(GPS)(SLR)(VLBI)((RG)(AG))(INSAR),,[22~25],,(图4中国西北部分地区地壳与上地幔顶部的精细速度结构(,1984)Fig4FinestructureofcrustanduppermantleinNorthwestChinaa;b图5地球内部核幔边界(CMB)D∀层区的结构与地幔热柱和冷柱的形成与运移示意图(WJMorgan,1971)Fig5Hypotheticaldrawingofthethermalandcoldplumespuddingmodelfortheboundarybetweencoreandmantle,andD∀layerinEarth∃sinteriorMoho),(4),,122/地学前缘(EarthScienceFrontiers)2003,10(1)(),[26,27],410km670km(D∀)[28](5,Morgan,JT,1971);;,,[29,30](5),(D∀),,,,(5)(Moho)20,(DSS)Pn7.9~8.2km/s,Moho(),,(),3[31],,,,Moho()(!)[32]()(),Moho,1~5km,15km[33,34](6),(6),,,图6依据近垂直反射宽角反射和折射剖面提出的大陆Moho界带!性质图解(LMBraile,1986)Fig6Schematicmodelillustratingthenatureoftheboundaryzone!ofthecontinentalMohodiscontinuityfrominterpretationofbothnearverticalreflection,wideanglereflectionandrefractionprofiledata/地学前缘(EarthScienceFrontiers)2003,10(1)1235km,1%201%501%100,11(,1986),(7)2.320,(1),![35],19671968[36],7080,,,,,,(8)(2)60(WWSSN),,,图7中国人工源地震深部地震探测剖面分布图(,,2000)Fig7LocationsofgeosciencetransectsbyDSSofChina1(17a);2(7a);3;4;5;6;7;8;9124/地学前缘(EarthScienceFrontiers)2003,10(1)图8全球板块边界特征与板块分布图(LePichon,1968)Fig8DistributionofboundariesbetweenplatesintheWorld;1;2;3;4;5;6[37],[38],!,,,(9a),(9b),,;,,,,670km,(3),!,,,[39];[40];7,,,,,,;,;!,(4),,,,,!,,,,/地学前缘(EarthScienceFrontiers)2003,10(1)125图9地球内部物质运移的地幔对流!可能模型图(MHBBott,1982)Fig9Possibleinfluenceofthemantletransitionzoneonthepatternofconvectiona();b(),2.4(GGT)20175GGT,11GGT;(100km,)(),[41,42],:(1);(2);(3);(4),;(5);(6);(7)2.51906(J.Milne)图101977年1月至1986年12月期间全球地震震中分布(MBarazangi,1969)Fig10Worldwidedistributionofepicentresofearthquakesintheperiod1971-19860~70,70~200200km126/地学前缘(EarthScienceFrontiers)2003,10(1),,20,,(10)[43]1910(Reid)1906,,(B.Byerly)1926[44],1944(C.F.Rrchter)NM,lgN=a+b(8-M),1945M,lgN=a+b(8-M),1945MSMB[45]1964(K.Aki)[46]1966(H..Hepceco)1973(C.H.Scholz)()[47]1956,!,1956196712,10a1957,&∋;1960,&∋!1966,1975,7.3[48],,,,;,;;,;,[49~57]80,,,[58],4:(1),;(2)!;(3),();(4),图11强烈地震孕育!发生和发展的深部介质和构造环境初步参考模型(,1994;,1997)Fig11Thepreliminaryreferencemodelforpregnant!,occuranddevelopmentofstrongearthquakes,!,[59,60],(11)2.6/地学前缘(EarthScienceFrontiers)2003,10(1)127,,,,(Q),2050,1964(H.H.Hess)[61]70(S.A.Crampin)S,![62,63]1991,(V.Babuska)(M.Cara)&∋[64],,[65,66],,[67,68],,,,,6:(1),;(2);(3);(4),;(5),;(6)(D∀),,,,[69,70],1/f,2.720,[71~73],,20,(12)400,,130,45000,700t,,,,20,[74],(13),,,,(1),,,,,,,,,,,,;,VSP,,[75,76](2)2070128/地学前缘(EarthScienceFrontiers)2003,10(1)图12全球构造演化与矿床分布图(,1999)Fig12Globaltectonicevolutionanddistributionofdeposits1;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9;10图13东亚地区油气盆地的构造类型分布图(LiDesheng,1995)Fig13TectonictypesofoilandgasbasinsinEastAsia1;2;3;4;5;6;7;8/地学前缘(EarthScienceFrontiers)2003,10(1)129,CMP;7080,,,(3),[77][75][77,78],[79,80],,,,,,(4),,,[81](5)[82][83,84],P,PSPS,,,,,,,[85](6),,,,,,,,;,20,2.8,[86,87],,,(1);(2);(3);(4);(5);(6);(7);(8),,2.9,,,,,,()[88],20:(1),,;(2),;(3),pVT;(4);(5);(6)130/地学前缘(EarthScienceFrontiers)2003,10(1)图14青藏高原地壳与上地幔速度结构剖面图(,1990;,1985)Fig14ThestructureofcrustanduppermantlealongprofilesinQinghaiXizang(Tibet)Plateau(P),(km/s)2.10,,,(1),,,,,[89~92],,;(14,15),,;!,[39],,,(55(5)km,!,,,[93](16)(2),图15藏南亚东萨马达地带的垂直地地震反射剖面(INDEPTH1)(,2001;)Fig15VerticalreflectionprofileofINDEPTH1inYadongShamadaofSouthTibetSTD;MHT();INDEPTH1!,,,,21!,,,(3)/地学前缘(EarthScienceFrontiers)2003,10(1)131[94~96],20,,,,(4),,(5),,,,,2.11(geospace,)(),,,,;,(,,2000)[3,97,98],,,;;,,,,,(ISTP)(STEP),,图16亚东安多格尔木地带地壳结构(依重力资料)与均衡补偿作用图(,19