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定义1、Interculturalcommunicationp6TherearethreekindsofthingsyouneedtolearnifyouwanttobeabletocommunicateeffectivelywithWesterners.First,youneedtolearnaforeignlanguage,usuallyEnglish.Second,youshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleaboutWesterncultures.However,studyingEnglishlanguageandwesterncultureisnotenough.Youshouldalsolearnsomethingaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother-inotherwords,interculturalcommunication.InterculturalcommunicationcanhelpInterpretwhatforeignersmean.2、Culturep13AwhitefarmerinIllinois,ablackbankerinNewYorkandaLatinoWalmartworkerinMiamilookdifferentontheoutside,buttheideasandinformationintheirheadswillhavemuchincommon.Youcouldsaytheyarethreedifferentbandsofcomputersthatlookdifferentontheoutside,buthavealotofthesamesoftwareanddata.Itisthesesharedideasthatmakeagroupofpeopleintoaculture.Acultureisessentiallyagroupofpeoplewhocarrymanyofthesameideasintheirheads.3、Stereotypesp15Itisaderogatoryword.Itmeansthatimage,idea,characterthathasbecomefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefalseandshallow.Stereotypesmayhaveabasisinfact,buttheyaretoobroadandshallow.Theygiveusthemistakenideathataculturecanbesummedupeasilyinafewshort,simplestatements.Stereotypesarealsodangerousbecausetheymaytrickusintobelievingthatknowingafewstereotypesisthesamethingasunderstandinganotherculture.4、Interpretationp24对外国人进行揣摩Averyimportantaspectofinterculturalcommunicationis“interpretation”,theprocessofdecidingwhatforeigners’wordsandactionsmeanandwhytheydowhattheydo.Interpretationisapartofallcommunication-eventhemostsimpleconversations.Thewordsonlyconveypartofthemeaningofthemessage,soyouneedtouseotherevidencetohelpyouinterpretwhathemeansanddecidehowtorespond.Thewayyouinterpretwordsandactionsofindividualforeignerswillshapehowyouevaluatethosepeople.5、Individualistp32Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.Ingeneral,Westernculturetendstobeindividualist.Theyviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights,andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedwithothers;giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers.6、Collectivistp32Collectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups(families,workunits,tribes,nations),andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.MostAsiancultures,includingChina's,tendtobecollectivist.Peopleseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimposedby,thosecollectives;arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals;andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersofthesecultures.7、Hierarchyp50Hierarchyisdifferencesinrankandpower.Everysocietyhashierarchytosomedegree.Inotherwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,perhapsbecausetheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficialposition.Ontheotherhand,however,mostmodernsocietiesalsobelievethatequalityisavirtue,atleasttosomeextent.Soeachcultureneedstofinditsownbalancebetweenhierarchyandequality.Westernculturestrytode-emphasizedifferencesinrankandpowerbycreatingasmuchappearanceofequalityaspossibleandemphasizeegalitarian（平等主义）morethanothers.8、Cultureshock/fatigue文化冲击P58Theconstanteffortanduncertaintyofdealingwithaforeignlanguageandculturecanleadtoaconditioncalled“cultureshock/fatigue”.Itisafeelingofbeingconfusedandoverwhelmedbylifeinanotherculture.Peoplewhoexperiencecultureshockoftenfeelfatigued,impatientandirritable.Theymayalsobegintryingtoavoidinteractionwithforeigners,andevenbecomeincreasinglycriticalandhostiletowardthem.ForeignersinChinasometimesexperiencecultureshock—andsodoChinesewhogotoliveinothercountries.9、Highcontext背景重要的文化（中日）Incollectivistcultures,peopletendtocommunicateinawaythatismoreindirectandsubtle,andlistenersareexpectedtotakemoreresponsibilityforinterpretingmessagescorrectly.Thiscommunicationstyleiscalled“highcontext”becausepeopleareexpectedtopaymuchattentiontothecontextinwhichcommunicationtakesplace-whothespeakeris,whereandwhytheconversationistakingplace,bodylanguage,andsoforth.Theyoftengivemoreweighttothecontextthantotheactualwordssaid.Peopleinhighcontextculturesoftenviewdirect,explicitcommunicationasunsophisticatedorevenrude.10、Lowcontext背景不重要的文化ThewayWesternerscommunicatetendstoberelativelyexplicitanddirect.InotherwordsWesternerstendtoputmostoftheirideasandfeelingsintowords,andthenstatetheseideasandfeelingsplainlyandopenly.Itisgenerallyconsideredagoodthingto“gettothepoint”and“saywhatyoumean,”anditislargelythespeaker’sresponsibilitytoensurethathis/hermessageisstatedinawaythatisclearandeasytounderstand.Thiskindofcommunicationstyleissometimescalled“lowcontext”becausepeopleareexpectedtopaymoreattentiontothewordsusedincommunicationthantothecontextinwhichthingsaresaid.Theyexpectothersto“takethemattheirword”.11、Projectedculturalsimilarity(PCS)自以为是的文化相似性Projectedculturalsimilar