第一课-英语语法基础词性及-成分

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英语词性的分类及用法词类英语名称作用例词名词Noun(缩写为n.)表示人或事物的名称party政党people人类China中国tennis网球代词Pronoun(pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词等He他we我们hers她的that那what什么数词Numeral(num.)表示数量或顺序one一six六first第一形容词Adjective(adj.)用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特性、性质safe安全的happy快乐的great伟大的busy忙碌的副词Adverb(adv.)用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作或形状的特性hard艰苦地too也only仅仅地always永远,一直here这里not非(不)冠词Article(art.)用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物an,a,the动词Verb(v.)表示人或事物的动作或状态eat吃be动词(am,is,are)实意动词(do)have有love爱,喜欢介词Preposition(prep.)用在名词、代词等前面,说明句子中词与词之间的关系under在……下in在……里of属于……关于……连词Conjunction(conj.)用来连接词、短语或句子and和or或者so所以but但是when当……时候感叹词Interjection(interj.)表示说话时的感情或口气Hello喂well好的why呃,嘿二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表,数单数复数人称一二三一二三形物myyourhis/her/itsouryourtheir名物mineyourshis/hers/itsoursyourstheirsEg.Ilikehiscar.•Ourschoolishereandtheirsisthere.•Thisisyourpicture.Andthatismine.•1.______(我)amaworker._______(你)areadoctor._______(她)isateacher.•2.Thisis_____(他的)shirt.•3.Thisis__________(我的)pen.4._________(他们的)trousersarethere.•5.Ilikethispicture.Pleasegive________(它)to_____(我).•Theseare_______(我们的)shoes.Can______(我们)wear______(它们).句子成分;简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分(一)句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。(二)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(三)谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系动词加表语构成。如:Wearestudents.(四)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.Isityours?Theweatherhasturnedcold.Thespeechisexciting.Threetimessevenistwentyone?HisjobistoteachEnglish.Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.Themachinemustbeoutoforder.Timeisup.Theclassisover.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(五)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展览)yesterday.Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.Hepretendednottoseeme.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.(六)宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:HisfathernamedhimDongming.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.Letthefreshairin.Youmustn'tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.Wesawherenteringtheroom.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(七)定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:Guilinisabeautifulcity.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(八)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:Lighttravelsmostquickly.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.Waitaminute.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.状语种类如下:Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?Lastnightshedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.Ishallgothereifitdoesn'train.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.Iamtallerthanheis.句子的基本句型由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等句子成分,按不同方式可组合成五种基本句型:(句子成分的表示方法:S:Subject主语;V:Verb动词;O:Object宾语;P:Predicative表语;OC:ObjectComplement宾语补足语;InO:IndirectObject间接宾语;DO:DirectObject直接宾语)第一种:S+V(主语+谓语动词)Theboysleeps.第二种:S+V+O(主语+谓语动词+宾语)Heplaystheviolin.第三种:S+V+P(主语+连系动词+表语)Sheisadoctor.第四种:S+V+InO+DO(主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)Igaveherapresent.第五种:S+V+O+OC(主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语)WecallhimJack1第一种句型:主语+不及物动词(S+V)该句型所用动词都是不及物动词,其后当然不能接宾语,但是可以用状语修饰谓语动词或整个句子。Herunsfastinthestreet.Themeetingbeginsatnine.2第二种句型:主语+及物动词+宾语(S+V+O)该句型所用动词都是及物动词,可作宾语的有名词、代词、不定式、动名词或短语及从句。Weattendedthemeeting.Shestoppedhim.Shewantstoaskaquestion.Theyenjoylisteningtotheclassicmusic.3第三种句型:主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)连系动词的后面必须接表语,说明主语的情况和状态。通常可作表语的是名词或形容词。Shebecamealawyerlastyear.Heishonest.Itisgettingcolderandcolder.Ittastesdelicious.Itsoundsreasonable.注意:下列动词在表示状态的存在和变化时,也可以作连系动词使用:look看起来;smell闻起来;sound听起来;taste尝起来;feel感觉;keep保持;grow/go/get/turn变得。4第四种句型:主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+InO+DO)(1)宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,但某些动词,除直接宾语外,还要求一个间接宾语,以表示该动词所表示的动作所及的人或物,通常由名词或代词的宾格担任。Shegavemeaticketforthatfilm.Pleasepassmethesalt.(2)通常情况下,间接宾语位于直接宾语的前面,但有时根据强调需要,间接宾语位于直接宾语之后,这时要在间接宾语前加to或for。Iwillbringthebooktoyounexttime.=Iwillbringyouthebooknexttime.Hepromisedamotorbiketoher.=Hepromisedheramotorbike.M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