Principle-of-conversation

PrincipleofconversationCooperativeprinciple(CP)----AccordingtoGrice,inmakingconversation,thereisageneralprinciplewhichallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserve.合作原则(CooperativePrinciple)，在语言交际活动中为了达到特定的目的,说话人和听话人之间存在一种默契,一种双方都应遵守的原则。FourmaximsofCPThemaximofquality----Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.----Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.Themaximofquantity----Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequiredforthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange.----Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Themaximofrelation----Berelevant(makeyourcontributionrelevant).Themaximofmanner----Avoidobscurityofexpression.----Avoidambiguity.----Bebrief.----Beorderly.ConversationalimplicatureInrealcommunication,however,speakersdonotalwaysobservethesemaximsstrictly.Thesemaximscanbeviolated（违反）forvariousreasons.Whenanyofthemaximsisblatantly（公然地）violated,i.e.boththespeakerandthehearerareawareoftheviolation,ourlanguagebecomesindirect,thenconversationalimplicaturearises.ViolationofMaximofqualityHeismadeofiron.Everynicegirllovesasailor.I'mnotsureifIwillneedthis,buthereitisanyway.ViolationofmaximofquantityAtapartyayoungmanintroduceshimselfbysaying“I'mRobertSampsonfromLeeds,28,unmarried…”“Wariswar.”“Boysareboys.”----A:WhenisSusan'sfarewellparty?----B:Sometimenextmonth.Violationofmaximofrelation----A:Thehostessisanawfulbore.----B:Therosesinthegardenarebeautiful,aren'tthey?----A:Whattimeisit?----B:Thepostmanhasjustarrived.Violationofmaximofmanner----A:Shallwegetsomethingforthekids?----B:Yes.ButIvetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.