division-&-classification-分类法

ParagraphwritingDivision&Classification分类法为了描写上的方便，我们常常对主题句中提出的某些观点、事物举例加以说明。当所举的例子比较多时，我们常常将它们进行分类，并进行比较。在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类，分别加以叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识WhenIarrivedatthepark,Ifound,tomysurprise,thatthereweresomanypeoplethere.Besidesoldpeople,whoaretheusualearlyriserstodoTaijiquanboxing,alotofyoungsterswerealsothere,running,jumpingortalking.Intheeastofthepark,Ievensawanoldladyshowingsomeschoolchildrenandworkershowtodosword-play.Example1这段文章把作者早上散步时所看到的人分为三类：老人、青年人和一位老太太。这样描写既突出了各类人的特点，又写出了他们的共性——清晨锻炼身体。这是典型的分类法。AnalysisEversincehumanshavelivedontheearth,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech.Whenthereisalanguagebarrier,communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters,wordsandideas.Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadtoresorttothisformofexpression.Example2Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareveryvividandexactandcanbeusedinternationally;spelling,however,cannot.Bodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.Otherformsofnonlinguisticlanguagecanbefoundinsignalflags,Morsecode,andpicturesigns.在该段中为了说明topicsentence中的variousformsofcommunication，作者将其分为oralspeech,signlanguage,bodylanguage及otherformsofnonlinguisticlanguage，并逐加阐述。采用这种方法的段落并没有标志突出的连接词，所述各项均为平行并列关系，所以没有明显的主次之分。Examinationsfallintothreekinds.Oneisthemachinescored“objective”type.Inanobjectivetest,thestudentsanswerquestionsbydecidingonbestchoiceamonganumberofalternativesgiven.Anotheristhe“completion”type.Thiskindofexaminationrequiresthestudentstoaddawordorphrasetocompleteasentence.Andthethirdtypeistheessayexamination,inwhichthestudentsareaskedtowriteacompositiononagiventopic.Allthesekindsofexaminationsaredesignedtorevealwhatastudentmayhavelearnedinanyparticularcourse.Example3本段采用分类法来展开段落。主题句在段落开头，指出“考试可分三种类型”。然后，作者运用Oneisthemachinescored“objectivetype”,Anotheristhe“completiontype”,“Andthethirdtypeistheessayexamination”来清楚地将考试分类阐述，段落脉络一目了然，层次十分分明。AnalysisNowadaysthenewsmediamainlyconsistsofradio,televisionandnewspapers.Eachtypehasitsownadvantagesanddisadvantages.Newspapersaretheoldestformforcommunicatingthenews.Todaymanypeoplestillbegintheirdaybyreadingthemorningpaperwhilehavingbreakfast,andendtheirdaybyreadingtheeveningpaperwhilehavingdinner.Theinventionoftheradiohashadatremendousinfluenceontheworld.Itisabletobringup-to-minutenewstodistantplacesinamatterofseconds.Thusthedevelopmentoftheradiohasmadetheworldasmallerplace.Televisionisthemostrecentlydevelopeddeviceforcommunication.Itallowsustoseeaswellastohearthenews.Thefactthatitenablespeopletoseevisualimageshashadaconsiderableeffectonourperceptionsofworldevent.分类法实际是举例法和对比法两者结合在一起的一种方法。akindofCoalisakindofnon-renewableresource.bedivided/classifiedintoEnergyresourcescanbedividedintotwotypes.atypeofCoalisatypeofnon-renewableresource.fallunderCoalfallsunderthecategoryofnon-renewableresources.belongtoCoalbelongstothecategoryofnon-renewableresources.分类法常用词语分类法常用的连接词：mostofall,next,moreover,inaddition,besides,furthermore,tobeginwith,tostartwith,firstofall,first,second,third,etc.youcanrepeatthekeywordsoruseoneofthefollowingpairs:Thefirst…;thesecond….Theformer…;thelatter…Intheformer…;inthelatter…Inthefirstcase…;inthesecondcase,…inthethirdcase….ForabalancedframeworkoftheparagraphAssignmentUsethefollowingdiagramtowriteaparagraphtodividingscientistsintotwogroupsandclarifyingtheirrespectivetasks.ScientistsThetheoreticalTheappliedUsefulphrases:originalresearch，thebasiclawsofnatureTogovern,practicalproblems,Related/neither/moreimportant