系统解剖-英文版-神经系统-脊髓.Spinal-cord

NervousSystem神经系统★Organizations中枢神经系统Centralnervoussystem(CNS)脑Brain脊髓Spinalcord周围神经系统Peripheralnervoussystem(PNS)脑神经Cranialn.(12pairs)脊神经Spinaln.(31pairs)内脏神经VisceralnervesMajorDivisionsoftheCentralNervousSystemBrain脑Telencephalon端脑Diencephalon间脑Cerebellum小脑Midbrain中脑Pons脑桥Medullaoblongata延髓Spinalcord脊髓Brainstem脑干MajorDivisionsofthePeripheralNervousSystem脑神经Cranialnerves(12pairs)脊神经Spinalnerves(31pairs)内脏神经VisceralnervesVisceralsensorynerveVisceralmotornerveSympatheticpart交感神经Parasympatheticpart副交感神经CellularOrganizationNeuron神经元Cellbody胞体Axon轴突Dendrites树突Neuroglia神经胶质－glialcell胶质细胞ClassificationofNeuronStructuralclassification双极神经元Bipolarneuronhasanaxonandadendrite假单极神经元Pseudounipolarneuronhasacentralbranchandaperipheralbranch多极神经元MultipolarneuronhasanaxonandtwoormoredendritesClassificationofNeuronsFunctionalclassification感觉神经元Sensory(afferent)neuron运动神经元Motor(efferent)neuron联络神经元AssociationneuronReflex反射:areactionoftheorganismbythenervoussysteminresponsetoastimulusReflexarc反射弧:has5basiccomponentsReceptor↓Sensoryneurons↓CNS↓Motorneurons↓Effector★ReflexandReflexArc深反射（腱反射）-膝跳反射★BasicTerminologyinNervousSystemIntheCNSGraymatter灰质:collectionofnervecellbodiesandtheirdendrites,graycolorduringfreshconditionCortex皮质:theoutermostlayerofgraymatterincerebrumandcerebellumNucleus神经核:acollection(group)ofcellbodieswhichhavethesameshapeandfunction★BasicTerminologyinNervousSystemIntheCNSWhitematter白质:collectionofnervefibers,whitecolorduringfreshconditionMedulla髓质:acentralcoreofwhitematterbeneaththecortexofcerebrumandcerebellumFasciculus(tract)纤维束:abundleofnervefiberswhichhavethesameorigin,termination,pathwayandfunction★BasicTerminologyinNervousSystemReticularformation网状结构:anadmixtureofcross-crossingfiberswithlargerorsmallergroupsofnervecellsoccupyingthemeshes★BasicTerminologyinNervousSystemInthePNSGanglion神经节:acollectionofneuronalcellbodiesoutsidetheCNS.eg.Spinalganglion/gangliaNerve神经:abundleofnervefibersheldtogetherbyconnectivetissuesheath.eg.SpinalnerveSpinalCord脊髓ZhaoxiDingDepartmentofHumanAnatomyMedicalSchool,[e-mail]★Position：Liesintheupper2/3ofthevertebralcanalContinuousabovewithmedullaoblongataatlevelofforamenmagnumEndsbelowatthelowerborderofL1inadultoratlevelofL3atbirthAbout40~45cminlengthWeightsabout30g.PositionofSpinalCordAlongcylindricalstructureandslightlyflattenedanteroposteriorly★TwoenlargementsCervicalenlargement颈膨大correspondstotheC4-T1segmentssendsfiberstosupplytheupperlimbsLumbosacralenlargement腰骶膨大correspondstotheL2-S3segmentssendsfiberstosupplythelowerlimbsExternalFeaturesofSpinalCord★脊髓圆锥Conusmedullaris-thelowerpyramidendofspinalcord★终丝Filumterminale-adelicatefilament,about20cminlength,prolongeddownwardfromtheapexoftheconusmedullaristothebackofthefirstsegmentofthecoccyx,continuousabovewiththatofthepiamater.★马尾Caudaequina-collectionofrootsandrootletsofspinaln.(fromL2-5,S1-5,Co1)aroundthefilumterminalebelowtheconusmedullaris.Thesefibersgraduallydeclininginnumberfurtherdownasindividualpairsleavethespinalcolumn.Lumbarpuncture(spinaltap)腰穿★ExternalFeaturesofSpinalCordFissureandsulciAnteriormedianfissure前正中裂Posteriormediansulcus后正中沟Anterolateralsulcus前外侧沟anterior(motor)rootsemergeseriallyPosterolateralsulcus后外侧沟posterior(sensory)rootsenterspinalcord,eachbearaspinalganglionwhichconstitutesthefirstcell-stationofthesensorynervesPosteriorintermediatesulcus后中间沟★SegmentsofSpinalCordAportionofthespinalcordthatgivesrisetoapairofspinalnerveconstitutesasegment.Thereare31segments8cervical12thoracic5lumbar5sacral1coccygealRelationshipofspinalCordSegmentstoVertebralNumbers★RelationshipofspinalCordSegmentstoVertebralNumbersSpinalsegmentsVertebrallevels(spines)C1~C4LieoppositethecorrespondingvertebraeC5~T4OnelowerinnumberthancorrespondingvertebraeT5~T8TwolowerinnumberthancorrespondingvertebraeT9~T12ThreelowerinnumberthancorrespondingvertebraeL1-L5T10~T12S1-S5andCoL1RelationshipofspinalCordSegmentstoVertebralNumbersSpinalsegmentsVertebrallevels(spines)Uppercervicalregion(C1~C4)=C1~C4Lowercervicalandupperthoracicregion(C5~T4)－1=C4~T3Middlethoracicregion(T5~T8)－2=T3~T6Lowerthoracicregion(T9~T12)－3=T6~T9Lumbersegments=T10~T12Sacralandcoccygealsegments=L1InternalStructureofSpinalCordGraymatter灰质Whitematter白质Centralcanal中央管Reticularformation网状结构★GrayMatterofSpinalCordAnteriorhorn(column)前角(柱)Posteriorhorn(column)后角(柱)Intermediatezone中间带Lateralhorn(column)侧角(柱)onlypresentinthethoracicandupperlumbersegmentsofthespinalcord(T1-L3)graycommissures灰质连合Anteriorgraycommissures灰质前连合Posteriorgraycommissures灰质后连合★GrayMatterofSpinalCordPosteriorhorn(column):Marginallayer缘层(posteromarginalnucleus后角边缘核)Substantiagelatinosa胶状质SituatedattheapexofposteriorhornthroughoutthelengthofspinalcordConcernsthesensationsofpainandtemperatureNucleusproprius后角固有核SituatedanteriortothesubstantiagelationnosathroughoutthelengthofspinalcordReceivesfibersthatareassociatedwiththesuperficialsensesNucleusthoracicus胸核Situatedatthebaseofposteriorho