G1BasicConceptsinMechanicsWorkisdefinedasforcemultipliedbythedistanceoverwhichtheforceacts.Workismeasuredinmetre-kilograms.(直译+意译法)功是指力与该力方向上位移的乘积,单位是米•牛顿(焦耳)。Ametre-kilogramequalstheworkdonebyaforceofonekilogramactingthroughadistanceofonemetre.(直译+意译法)一焦耳的功相当于一千克物体在力的作用下(沿力的方向)移动一米。Forexample,ifaworktaskinvolvesliftinga300-kilogrammachinetwoandone-halfmetresintoatruck,then750metre-kilogramsofworkisrequired.(直译+意译法)譬如,将一个重达300千克的机械举起2.5米,置于卡车中,这需要750焦耳的功。Sincenohumanscanlift300kilogramsdirectly,adevicemustbeemployedtomodifytherequiredeffortintosomethingmanageable.(直译+意译法)因为没有人能直接举起300千克,所以必须动用一个设备以可行的方式实现所需的工作量。Onecommondeviceisaninclinedplane-inthiscase,aloadingrampthatslopesfromthegroundtothetruck.Iftherampwere10meterslongandfrictionforceswerenegligiblysmall,then75kilogramsofforcewouldberequiredtorollthemachineuptheramp.(直译+意译法)一个常见的设备是一个斜面——在该情况下,是一个从地面连接到卡车的荷载斜板。如果该斜板长10米,且摩擦力小到可以忽略,那么欲使机械沿斜板向上移到卡车,需要75牛的力。Thetotalworkisstill750metre-kilograms(10metresmultipliedby75kilograms),buttheefforthasbeenmodifiedsothatthemaximumforcerequiredisonly75kilograms.(直译+意译法)总功仍为750焦耳(75牛乘以10米),但工作量减少了,所需的力至多只要75牛。Adevicethatdecreasesthenecessaryappliedforcewhileincreasingthedistanceoverwhichthesmallerforceactsiscalledaforcemultiplier([ˈmʌltɪplaɪə(r)]n.乘数;乘子)(定语前置)减小了所需施加的力,同时增大了较小的力作用的距离的设备被称为力量倍增器。Machinescanalsomultiplyspeedanddistance.(直译法)机械也可以成倍地增加速度和作用距离。Abroomisanexampleofaspeedanddistancemultiplierbecauseitconverts([kənˈvɜ:rt]vt.(使)转变)inputforceanddistanceatthehandleintoalowerforceandlargerdistanceatthesweepingend.(分句法)扫把是一个速度和距离倍增器的例子。因为它使把手处输入的力和距离转化为作用在扫把末端的更小的力和更大的距离。Sincethelargerdistanceatthesweepingendiscoveredinthesametimeastheinputdistance,thenthespeedisalsoincreased.(直译法)扫把的输入端(把手)与扫过更大距离的扫描端(尾端)同时运作,然后速度也被提高了。Inadditiontomodifyingforcesanddistances,machinescanalsochangethedirectionofmotion.(直译法)除了可以改变力的大小和作用距离,机械也可以改变装置的运动方向。Efficiencyandmechanicaladvantageareusedtogauge([gedʒ]vt.测量,校验)theperformanceofmechanicalmachines.(被动句直译)效率和机械效益被用于测定机械设备的性能。Efficiencyisdefinedastheusefulmechanicaloutputwork,expressedasapercentageoftheinputwork.(被动句→汉语主动句)效率定义为输出的有用功,用所占输入总功的百分数表示。Efficiencyisalwayslessthanl00percentbecauseoffriction([‘frɪkʃən]n.摩擦,[力]摩擦力)betweenmovingparts.(逆序法)由于运动零件之间的摩擦,效率总是小于100%。Ifsomeoneactuallywheeledthemachineofinitialexampleuptheramp([ræmp]n.斜面),theymightdiscoverthatitrequired84kilograms.(顺序法+意译法)如果有人真的在最初的例子里把机械推上斜面,他们可能会发现这需要84牛。Thenine-kilogramsdifferenceistheforcerequiredtoovercometheresistance([rɪˈzɪstəns]n.阻力)ofthewheelsandbearings([ˈberɪŋ]n.轴承).(合译法)这9牛的数值之差用于克服轮子和轴承之间的阻力。Undertheseconditionsthemachinewouldhaveanefficiencyof89percent.(顺序法)在这种情况下,这台机器的效率为89%。Iftheyslidetherefrigeratoruptherampwithoutwheels,therequiredforcecouldbe215kilogramsormore,whichcorrespondstoanefficiencyoflessthan25percent.(直译+意译法)如果不使用轮子将冰箱滑上斜坡,需要至少215牛的力,效率低于25%。Idealmechanicaladvantageneglectsfrictionandisequaltothedistancetheinputforcetravelsdividedbytheusefuldistancetheloadtravels.不计摩擦力的理想的机械效率等于输出的有效距离除输入的动力距离(实际距离/有效距离)。Forforce—multiplyingmachines,theinputdistanceisgreaterthantheloaddistanceandidealmechanicaladvantageisgreaterthan1.对于力来说—一个机械系统,实际距离比有效距离大,理想的机械效率大于1。Intheloadingrampexample,theidealmechanicaladvantageis4,sincetheinputdistanceis10metres(thelengthoftheramp)andtheusefulloaddistanceistwoandone—halfmetres(thevertical[ˈvɜ:tɪkl]distancetheloadtravels).在荷载斜板的例子中,理想的机械效率(实际/有效)为4(10/2.5),因为实际距离是10米(斜板的长度)而有效距离是2.5米(荷载移动的垂直距离)。Aninclinedplaneisalwaysaforce-multiplyingmachine.倾斜平面始终都是受力倍增机构。Forspeed-multiplyingmachinetheinputdistanceislessthantheloaddistanceandtheidealmechanicaladvantageislessthan1.对速度倍增机构而言,实际距离小于有效距离,理想机械效率小于1。Machinesthatsimplychangethedirectionofmotionhaveanidealmechanicaladvantageequalto1.仅改变运动方向的机械的理想机械效率等于1。Theactualmechanicaladvantageincludesfrictionandisequaltotheactualoutputforcedividedbytheactualinputforce.(分句法)实际的机械效率需要考虑摩擦力,它等于实际输出的力除以实际输入的力(输出/输入)。Theactualmechanicaladvantageintheloadingrampexampleisabout3.6withwheelsandabout1.4withoutwheels.(分句法)斜坡荷载的例子里,在有轮子和没有轮子的情况下实际机械效率分别约为3.6和1.4。G3OptimizationforFiniteElementApplicationAsengineersworkwithincreasinglycomplexstructures,theyneedrational,reliable,fast,andeconomicaldesigntools.Overthepasttwodecades,finiteelementanalysishasproventobethemostfrequentlyusedmethodofidentifyingandsolvingtheproblemsassociatedwiththesecomplicateddesigns.随着工程师面对的结构日益复杂,他们需要理性、可靠、快速且经济的设计工具。在过去的二十年中,有限元分析已被证明是认识和解决那些与设计有关的复杂问题的最常用的方法。Becausemostofthedesigntasksinengineeringarequantifiable,computershaverevolutionizedthehighlyiterativedesignprocess,particularlytheproceduresforquicklyfindingalternativedesigns.Butevennow,manyengineersstillfollowamanualtrial-and-errorapproach.Suchanapproachmakesdesigningevenforseeminglysimpletasksmoredifficultbecauseitusuallytakeslonger,requiresextensivehuman-machineinteraction,andtendstobebiasedbythedesigngroup'sexperience.因大多数的工程设计任务是可以量化的,计算机已经彻底改革了高度迭代的设计过程,特别是快速寻找替代设计的程序。但即便到了现在,许多工程师仍然遵循人工的试凑法。这种方法使得设计变得更加困难(即使对看似简单的任务来说),因为它通常花费更长的时间,需要大量的人机交互,而且倾向于依赖设计团队的经验。Designoptimization,whichisbasedonarationalmath