基于低冲击开发理念的城市住区规划与设计策略研究

硕士学位论文基于低冲击开发理念的城市住区规划与设计策略研究RESEARCHONPLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGYOFURBANRESIDENCEBASEDONLOW-IMPACTDEVELOPMENTCONCEPTS王旭哈尔滨工业大学2011年12月国内图书分类号：TU984.2学校代码：10213国际图书分类号：711密级：公开工学硕士学位论文基于低冲击开发理念的城市住区规划与设计策略研究硕士研究生：王旭导师：王耀武教授申请学位：工学硕士学科：城市规划与设计所在单位：深圳研究生院答辩日期：2011年12月授予学位单位：哈尔滨工业大学ClassifiedIndex:TU984.2U.D.C:711ThesisfortheMasterDegreeinEngineeringRESEARCHONPLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGYOFURBANRESIDENCEBASEDONLOW-IMPACTDEVELOPMENTCONCEPTSCandidate：WangXuSupervisor：Prof.WangYaowuAcademicDegreeAppliedfor：MasterofEngineeringSpeciality：CityPlanning&DesignAffiliation：ShenzhenGraduateSchoolDateofDefence：December,2011Degree-Conferring-Institution：HarbinInstituteofTechnology哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文－I－摘要以结构性缺水、水环境恶化和水安全隐患为代表的城市水问题已成为我国水资源管理和利用所面临的迫切需要解决的问题，而作为城市主要功能之一的居住功能不论在依赖程度还是需求总量方面都与城市水资源密切相关，是与城市水问题关联密切和相互影响最直接的方面。低冲击是在可持续、生态理念影响下通过城市雨洪管理方法和实践不断完善和升华的发展观念，其所倡导的用小规模、分散的手段控制城市雨洪的思想，深刻地影响了诸如城市总体发展策略、市政设施、绿地景观系统等规划方面，从而催生了一系列以低冲击开发为指导的总体或专项规划、住区规划与设计、公共空间规划与设计等。低冲击开发理念以开发后水文条件接近开发前的状态为主要衡量依据，制定合理的水体消解和利用程序整合不同层面、不同载体的水体利用过程。将城市建成用地与自然条件地面差异的主要焦点——下垫面作为研究和改造对象，效仿自然原理，通过结构和非结构性措施改善城市下垫面形态和构成等特征，从而实现对雨水等水体的高效入渗、疏导和利用。以低冲击开发理念指导的城市住区，具有下垫面丰富多样、联系紧密灵活等异于传统住区形式的特点，因而相应地要求住区要素实现排用相成的市政系统、景用复合的绿地系统、立体利用的建筑系统、快速疏解的道路系统和多元复合的硬质场地等，从而满足低冲击开发要求，优化居住区水体利用和改善城市水问题。根据对低冲击开发的内涵、原理和对住区的作用的梳理，通过低冲击视角分析了我国住区规划中主要存在的几点问题。针对诸多需要解决的住区规划问题，从规划观念、水体利用模式、住区要素和管理法规、运行机制保障等方面提出我国住区规划的目标。以住区规划目标为导向，通过分析低冲击开发的内容得出在低冲击开发指导下住区规划的内容，并对住区现行规划的要素进行分析，对形成原因和改善方式提出建议。最后，根据分析提出低冲击开发下的我国住区规划与设计策略，从建立住区雨水利用管理机制、制定高效的雨水利用规划原则、构建各类要素协调的雨水利用系统和针对住区要素的低冲击优化等角度进行规划与设计策略的阐述，为住区规划提供新的发展思路。关键词：低冲击开发；居住区；雨洪；下垫面；径流哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文－II－AbstractUrbanwaterproblems,whicharecomposedofstructuralwaterlack,waterdeteriorationandwatersecuritychallenge,havebecomeanurgentobstacletowaterresourcemanagementandrecycleofournation.Asresidenceareaplaysasignificantroleinurbanandrelatesintensivelywithwaterresource,itfacesdirectchallengefromwaterproblems.Alongwiththedevelopmentoftheoryandpracticesinsustainabilityandecologytheory,lowimpactdevelopmentposesaprofoundinfluenceoneveryaspectofurbanplanningrangingfrommasterplanstrategytolandscapedesignwithitscorenotionofsmall-scaleat-sourcecontrolmeasures.Usingpredevelopmentconditionsasjudgmentstandard,thelowimpactdevelopmentsuggestproperwater-consumingprocesssoastoassemblevariouswaterusesondifferentscaleandlevels.Inordertoachieveproperuseofstormwaterinfiltrationandrecirculation,lowimpactdevelopmentfocusesonunderlyingsurfaceswhichrepresentthemaindifferencebetweennaturalworldswithdevelopedurbanarea.Itfollowsthenaturalrulesandmanipulatesstructuralandnon-structuralmeasurestoaltertheformsandcompositionoftheunderlyingsurface.Intermsofspacecharactersandconnectivity,urbanresidentialareaunderlowimpactdevelopmentpossessesuniquequalitiesfromtraditionalones.Asaconsequence,therearemorerequirementsrisesforresidenceplanningtosatisfyupdatedwateruseandmitigateurbanwaterproblems.Theserequirementsarecomposedofbutnotlimitedtothefollowing:achieveutilitiesofdrainageandreuse,accomplishlandscapeofamusingandrecycle,verticalreusemodeofarchitecture,roadwithrapiddrainageandmultipleuseout-doorplayground.Tosatisfylowimpactdevelopment,wecardandanalyzethenotion,principlesandeffectstowardsresidentialarea.Followingwiththat,weproposeseveralproblemsthatlayinthewayofresidencedevelopmentinChinastartingfromthefollowingaspects:notionofplanning,modeofwaterrecycling,elementsofresidenceandoperationalmechanismwhichwouldensuretheworkoflowimpactdevelopmentinrealpractices.Tohelpresidenceplanningembraceallthekeyaspectsoflowimpactdevelopment,weinitiatetoanalyzethecontentsandelementsofresidenceplanningcomparedwiththecontentsoflowimpactdevelopment.Asaconsequence,wecometothesolutionoftheproblem—theplanninganddesignstrategyofurbanresidencebasedonlow-impactdevelopmentconcepts.Thestrategytrytocoverallthetargetssetbeforewithmanagement哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文－III－mechanism,recyclingprinciples,operationsystemandelementintegration,andalloftheseprovideanewdevelopmentmodeforresidentialarea.Tosatisfythelowimpactdevelopmentgoalsandmeetvariousplanningrequirements,thedesignstrategyshouldcovermeasuresofwaterusemode,underlyingsurfacefromandstormwaterdisposingmode.Thesemeasuresarelistedasfollow:achieveat-sourcecontrolorientedlanduseandsystematiclowimpactdevelopmentmeasures.Harnessvariousunderlyingsurfacesandoptimizecombinationtofollowpre-developmentconditions.Integrateman-madeandnaturalsystemandmeasurestocreatemultipleresidentialspaces.Keywords:Lowimpactdevelopment,residencearea,stormwater,underlyingsurface,runoff哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文－IV－目录摘要.....................................................................................................................IAbstract..................................................................................................................II第1章绪论........................................................................................................11.1课题背景.......................................................................................................11.1.1国内城市面临水利用三大问题..........................