JapanSeeksSlowNuclearPhase-out日本将逐步淘汰核能1TOKYO—TheJapanesegovernmentunveiledalong-termenergyplanthatseeksanendtonuclearpowerby2040,respondingtostrongantinuclearsentimentbutstoppingshortofaclearcommitmenttomakethecountrynuclear-free.东京-日本政府为应对人们强烈反核能情绪,公布了一项长期能源计划:在2040年之前结束核能,但并没有明确地承诺成为无核国家。2Theplan,whichcomesafterconsiderablebackstagewrangling,largelyrejectswarningsfromcorporateJapanthatmovingawayfromnuclearpowercouldhastenthehollowingoutofthecountry'sbatteredmanufacturingbase.Wewilluseallpossiblepoliticalresourcestorealizethegoalofhavingnonuclearplantsoperatingbytheendofthe2030s,saidthereportreleasedFridaybythegovernment'senergyandenvironmentalcommittee.日本政府经过激烈的内部磋商后拟定了一个计划,该计划主要是拒绝来自日本公司的远离核能的警告。这将会加快冲击该国本已不堪一击的制造业的发展。政府能源环境委员会周五发布的报告称“我们将使用一切可能的政治资源,以实现到2030年底没有核电长的目标。”3Thelong-awaiteddecisioncomesinthewakeoftheFukushimaDaiichicrisisinMarch2011andfollowsmovesbyGermanylastyeartophaseoutitsnuclearplants.Buttheplanisunlikelytoappeaseopponentsofnuclearpowerintheearthquake-pronecountrysinceitassumesthatnuclear-energyproductionwillactuallyrisefromlowlevelsnowassomeidledplantsaregraduallybroughtbackonline.这个令人期待已久的决定是2011年3月福岛危机之后和德国去年宣布逐步淘汰核电之后做出的。但是该计划不太可能安抚地震多发国家的核电对手,因为它假定当一些闲置的工厂已经逐步恢复使用时,现在核能源生产实际将真正从低水平上升。4Inaddition,thegovernmentsaidthatrenouncingnuclearpowerwillrequiremorediscussion.Achievingzero-nuclearstatusisanambition,notacommitment,saidagovernmentofficialafterabriefing.此外,政府表示,放弃核电将需要更多的讨论。发布会后一位政府官员说“实现零核地位是一个志向而不是一个承诺。”5Underthepolicy,whichstillrequiresfinalendorsementbythecabinet,anewnuclearregulatorybodywilladopttoughenedstandardstoensurethatplantsaresafeenoughberestarted.Butoutputisn'texpectedtoreturntothepreviouslevelofnearly30%ofelectricoutput.Thatfigurehasfallento2.1%asonlytworeactors—bothataplantinwesternJapan—havebeenrestartedinthepast18months.该政策仍需由内阁最后批准。根据该政策,新的核监管机构将采用钢化标准,以确保核电站是足够安全可以重新启动。但产量预期不会恢复到接近30%的电输出的上级。。这个数据已经下降到2.1%,因为在过去的18个月只有两个反应堆(都被安置在日本的西部)重新启动。6Asplantsreachtheirlifespanof40years,thepolicycallsforthemtobetakenoutofservice,withallplantsofflinewithinthe2030s.Inaddition,nonewplantswillbebuilt.当这些核电站到了它们40年的使用寿命之后,这项政策要求它们全部停产。另外,将不会再建新的核电站。7Theplanalsosaiduraniumenrichmentandreprocessingwouldcontinueasdiscussionsareheldwithlocalauthoritiesandtheinternationalcommunity.Thedecisiontocontinuewithreprocessing—inwhichuraniumandplutoniumareextractedandrecycledintonewfuelbundles—putstorestquestionsaboutthedispositionofJapan'sgrowingstockpileofplutoniumandspentfuelrods.该计划还表示,铀浓缩和后处理将继续举行讨论,以得到地方当局和国际社会的认可。继续进行后处理的决定---提取铀和钚并将其回收到新的燃料束—余下是关于日本日益增长的钚处置问题和燃料棒消耗问题。8Tokyo'sdecisiontosparethefuel-cycleprogramandmovetowardrestartingmoreidledreactorsisbeingviewedbysomeinthenuclearindustryasanetpositive,atleastinthenearterm.东京决定近期分享燃料循环计划并且重启闲置的反应堆。这个决定在核工业的一些人中被视为最权威的力量。9“JapanisnotfollowingthesamepathasGermanyintermsofseekinganimmediatereductioninnuclear-power-generatingcapacity,saidArmandLaferrère,presidentoftheJapaneseunitofFrance'sArevaSA,whichjoinedwithJapantobuilditsreprocessingfacilities.ThedecisiononreprocessinglowersthepotentialJapanwillhavetorelysolelyonFranceorothernationstoreprocessitsspentfuel.Italsocouldreduceagrowingstockpileofplutoniumthatsomesaycouldbefurtherprocessedandusedinnuclearweapons.法国阿海珐集团驻日本分公司总裁阿尔芒说“在寻找迅速减少核能发电的方法上,日本不会走跟德国一样的道路。”该公司进军日本是为了建立自己的后处理设施。关于后处理的决定,降低了潜能的日本,这些决定不得不完全依赖法国或其他国家后处理乏燃料。它也能可以减少钚的库存。这些库存钚可能被进一步处理,并用于核武器。10“ThisisverysignificantbecauseitmeanstheslightlyfrightfulprospectofaJapanbrimmingwithfuelrodsandnotknowingwhattodowiththemcanbeavoided,saidMr.Laferrère.阿尔芒先生说:“这是非常重要的,因为它意味着一个可怕未来的日本:充满了燃料棒但却不知道如何处置它们。这种景象是可以避免的。”11Thefutureofthegovernment'splanisinsomedoubt,however,giventhatPrimeMinisterYoshihikoNoda'sholdonpoweristenuous,withparliamentdeadlockedamidfierceattacksbytheopposition.Mr.NodaisexpectedtocallgeneralelectionsinNovemberorearlynextyear.政府未来的计划还有一些疑问,不过,鉴于首相野田佳彦对权利的掌控是脆弱的,再加上议会因反对派激烈的攻击而陷入僵持状态。野田佳彦预计将呼吁于11月或明年年初举行大选。12Opinionpollsshowstrongoppositiontoarenewedheavyrelianceonnuclearpowerplants,overconcernabouttheirresiliencytonaturaldisasters.Ofthoserespondingtoagovernmentsurveyontheissue,some87%saidtheywantedtoabandonnuclearpoweraltogether,althoughbroaderpollsshowamoremixedpicture,witharound30%to40%wantingJapantobenuclear-freeandanother30%to40%sayingnuclearpowershouldbekepttonomorethan15%ofthetotalenergymix.民调显示,强烈反对再度过分依赖核电站的关注超过他们对抵御自然灾害的关注度。在这个问题上政府调查的反馈:大约87%的人说他们想完全放弃核电,但更广泛的民意调查显示,一个更复杂的局面,大约有30%至40%希望日本成为无核国,另外30%至40%的人说核电应保持在不超过15%的总能源结构。13“Thegovernment,theregulators,theoperatorsalllosttheconfidenceofthepublic,saidU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommissionerWilliamMagwoodatarecentSenatehearinginWashington.ThemainoppositionLiberalDemocraticParty—whichwascloselyalliedwiththenuclearindustrybeforelosingpowerin2009—hasn'tsaidwhetheritwouldfeelboundbyanantinuclearpledgeifitregainscontrol.美国核管理委员会专员威廉.麦格木在近期华盛顿举行的议员听证会上说:“政府,监管机构,运营商都失去了公众的信任。”最大的在野党-自民党-自2009年失势前,一直支持核工业的发展-如果该党重新获得控制权,他们并没有表示是否觉得有必要进行反核承诺。14Analystsalsopointoutthatmuchcanchangeoverthenearly30yearsitwouldtaketoachievetheshutdown.Swedenagreedina1980referendumtowinddown