美国本土居民印第安人的历史、文化、艺术总结

TheBriefIntroductionofNativeAmericansNativeAmericansintheUnitedStatesaretheindigenouspeoplesfromNorthAmericanowencompassedbythecontinentalUnitedStates,includingpartsofAlaskaandtheislandstateofHawaii.Theycomprisealargenumberofdistincttribes,states,andethnicgroups,manyofwhichsurviveasintactpoliticalcommunities.TheterminologyusedtorefertoNativeAmericansiscontroversial.Firststage:ThetreatmentoftheAmericantoIndiansThemassacre•Duringthecivilwar,northernallianceinordertogainthesupportofwesterners,theybuildupforcestocrusadetheIndians.•Intheendofthewar,GeneralGrantbecamethepresidentofAmerica,hesaidthat,“ItisnecessarytodestroyallIndiantribes”.•AnotherGeneralShermansaidthat.“I'veseenonlyIndiangoodmanisdead”.•Behindtheabovebehavior,themainreasonisthatIndianlands•AnotherimportantreasonisAmericanssaidthattheirownculturaliscivilization,Indiancultureiscompletelybarbaric.American’smeanstopressIndians•TokilltheBuffalos----maketheIndiantribeslosetheirsourceoffoodandnecessitiessources.American’smeanstopressIndians•Todestroytheirhabitat----butchertheIndiansanddrivethemoutoftheirhomeland.AmericapolicyonIndiansWestwardMovementDozensofNativeAmericantribeslivedinthewest,supportingthemselveswithmanydifferenteconomies.Westwardexpansiondepletedresourcesanddamagedtheenvironment,thusdestroyingtheNativeAmericans’abilitytosupportthemselves.SecendStage:ThecontributionofAmericanIndiansInagriculturepumpkintomatopotatococoacornwheatcropsInhandicraftindustrypotteryThedeviceofpotteryIndrawingInartdanceClothingTheirclothingwasmademostlyfromhidesofanimals.Inthewinter,themenworeshirts,leggings（裹腿，绑腿）,and（鹿皮鞋）madeofbuckskin.Buckskinisclothingmadefromtheskinsofanimals,mainlydeer.Thewomenworeskirtstheyhadwovenfromthewildgrasses,coveredwithfurs,withleggingsunderneath.Inthesummer,themenworeabreechcloth（腰布，短裤）,ashortpieceofbuckskinthathungfromthefronttothebackoftheIndian.Thewomenworetheirgrassdresses,andthechildrenworenothingatall.Musicandart•TraditionalNativeAmericanmusicisalmostentirelymonophonic,buttherearenotableexceptions.NativeAmericanmusicoftenincludesdrummingand/ortheplayingofrattlesorotherpercussioninstrumentsbutlittleotherinstrumentation.Flutesandwhistlesmadeofwood,cane,orbonearealsoplayed,PerformerswithNativeAmericanparentagehaveoccasionallyappearedinAmericanpopularmusicThirdstage:NativeAmericansasAmericancitizensNativeAmericansasAmericancitizens•In1857,ChiefJusticeRogerB.TaneyexpressedthatsinceNativeAmericanswerefreeandindependentpeoplethattheycouldbecomeU.S.citizenNativeAmericanstoday•Accordingto2003UnitedStatesCensusBureauestimates,alittleoveronethirdofthe2,786,652NativeAmericansintheUnitedStatesliveinthreestates:Californiaat413,382,Arizonaat294,137andOklahomaat279,559.•In2000,eightoftenAmericanswithNativeAmericanancestrywereofmixedblood.Sometribalnationshavebeenunabletoestablishtheirheritageandobtainfederalrecognition.