英美概况 下册

TheUnitedStatesofAmericaEducation,MediaandHolidaysContentsⅠEducationⅡMediaⅢHolidaysandFestivalsⅠEducation1.IdealsofAmericanEducation2.EducationalSystemAsmanypeopleaspossibleshouldhaveaccesstoasmucheducationastheywantanoutcomeoftheAmerican’sassertions(主张、断言、声明)aboutequalityequalityineducationdoesnotmeanthateveryonereceivesthesameeducation•TheChildplacedinalower-abilitygroupdoesnotreceivethesameeducationasoneplacedinahigher-abilitygroup1.IdealsofAmericanEducationProducingasocietyofliteracyandlocalcontroleducationgovernedbystateandlocalgovernments,notbythenationalgovernment;nonationalministryofeducationeachstatehasitsownlawsregulatingeducation1.IdealsofAmericanEducationEFAeducationforallEmphasisonthebasicnatureofknowledgeandlearningScholarsandstudentsshouldworktodiscovernewinformationorconceive(构思、设计)newwaystounderstandwhatisalreadyknown;Learningisanenterpriseofexploration,experimentation,analysis,andsynthesis;Thegoalofeducationistoteachchildrenhowtolearnandhelpthemreachtheirmaximumpotential.1.IdealsofAmericanEducationEducationisbothanindividualbenefitandasocialnecessity.EveryAmericanhastherightandobligationtobecomeeducated.1.IdealsofAmericanEducation☻Educationisbothanindividualbenefitandasocialnecessity.☻EveryAmericanhastherightandobligationtobecomeeducated.Quotationsconcerningeducation:☻Betterbeunbornthanuntaught,forignoranceistherootofmisfortune.(Plato,AncientGreekphilosopher)☻Educationisaprogressivediscoveryofourignorance.(Durant,Americanhistorian)☻Thepurposeofeducationistoreplaceanemptymindwithanopenone.(MalcolmForbes,Americaneducator)2.EducationalSystem2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation2.2HigherEducation2.3FamousUniversities2.4MulticulturalEducationElementaryandsecondaryeducation—thebasisofpubliceducation,freeandcompulsory,12gradesOneacademicyear—fromSeptemberthroughJuneDifferentdivisionsofschoolsystems:☻elementaryschool—onethrougheighthighschool—nextfouryears☻elementaryschool—onethroughsixjuniorhighschool—seventhroughnineseniorhighschool—tenthroughtwelve2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducationElementaryeducationCourses—reading,arithmetic,languagearts,science,socialstudies,music,art,andphysicaleducationClasssize—20to30students2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducationSecondaryeducationTwostages:juniorhighschoolandseniorhighschoolCourses:morespecialized—English,socialstudies,algebra,geometry,etc.Nineperiodsforaday:•fiveforacademicsubjects•oneforphysicaleducation•alunchperiod•twostudyperiods–visitingthelibrary–participatinginextracurricularactivity2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducationAmusicclassinajuniorhighschoolAclassroominaseniorhighschoolNoannualcollegeentranceexamination;applicantsarechosenonthebasisofthefollowing4aspects:1highschoolrecords2highschoolteachers’recommendations3theimpressiontheymakeduringinterviewsattheuniversity4scoresontheScholasticAptitudeTest(SAT)2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducationThebeginningofhighereducation—thefoundingofHarvardCollegein1636abigenterprisewithacomplexsystemFourcategoriesofinstitutions:theuniversitythefour-yearundergraduateinstitution—thecollegetechnicaltraininginstitutiontwo-yearcommunitycollege2.2HigherEducationCollege&UniversityCollege—undergraduateinstitutionconferringaBachelorofArts(B.A.)oraBachelorofSciences(B.S.)degreeUniversity—agroupofcolleges,eachservingaspecialpurposeFunctionsofhighereducationteachingresearchpublicserviceCollege&UniversityLocationofinstitutionsNewYork—308institutionsCalifornia—299institutionsNevadaandWyoming—onlynineinstitutionseachThevarietyofsubjectsfineartsandpractical,career-orientedfieldsThevarietyofinstitutionslarge,comprehensiveuniversitiesandsmalltraditionalliberalartscollegesFactorsforstudents’personalpreferencessize,academicquality,locationreputationofthefacultyanddepartmentTheBoardTheboardoftrustees(理事)—carryingoutadministrationofcollegesanduniversitiesComposedprimarilyoflaymen(非专业人士)Laymen—representthepublicintereststhanprofessionalsLegalbody,responsiblefortheinstitutionResponsibilities:choosingthepresident;establishingpoliciesforadministratorsandfaculty;approvingthebudget;thepurchaseandsaleofrealestateandothermajorpropertyitems,etc.CollegeLifeAnacademicyear—ninemonthstwoorthreesemesters,excludingthesummersessiona“break”ofoneweekineachsemesteranda30-daywinterbreakCreditsearnedbyattendinglectures(orlabclasses)andbysuccessfullycompletingassignmentsandexaminationsonecredit—onehourofclassperweekinasinglecourseacoursemaylast10to16weeks—asemesterStudyincollegeGroupworkDiscussionanddebateLivingaccommodations—notenoughresidencehallsmodernandfashionable,butlimitedandsmallinspaceCollegeLifePart-timeworkingtoearntuitionandlivingexpenses•asalibrarianorawaiterinarestaurant•astockkeeperinasupermarketSports—significantinuniversitylifefootball—mostpopularfootballandbasketballscholarshipsstudentsasathleticsor“jocks”(大学运动员)receivefreetuitionandotherfinancialassistanceStudents’organizations—clubsandactivitieshelpstudentsbecomesuccessfulwhenpursuinghobbies•art,m