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TheGovernment,PoliticsandClassoftheUnitedKingdomUnits3-4TheOldestRepresentativeDemocracy•1215:MagnaCartalimitedthepoweroftheking,sothatthekingcouldnotexerciseabsolutepower(P37)•1689:TheBillofRightsensuredthatthekingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliament.(ReadP38)ThismarkedtherealbeginningoftheConstitutionalMonarchyinEngland.TheMonarchyTheGovernmentTheParliamentTheKingortheQueenTheHouseofLordsTheHouseofCommonsThequeen•TheUnitedKingdomisaconstitutionalmonarchy:•Theheadofstateisakingoraqueen.•Inpractice,theSovereignreigns,butdoesnotrule.(统而不治）•TheUnitedKingdomisgoverned,inthenameoftheSovereign,byHisorHerMajesty’sGovernment–abodyofministerswhoaretheleadingmembersofwhicheverpoliticalparty,andwhoareresponsibletoParliament.InBritain:•Theheadofstate:国家元首•theMonarchy•Theheadofgovernment:政府首脑•thePrimeMinister1.TheMonarchy•TheoldestinstitutionofgovernmentistheMonarchy.ThisdatesbacktotheSaxonswhoruledfromthe5thcenturyADuntiltheNormanConquestin1066.•Forathousandyears,Britainhashadahereditarykingorqueenastheheadofstate,althoughtherewasonebriefexception.(duringtheCivilWar)•Inthe17thcentury,therewasacivilwarinEnglandbetweenrepublican“Roundheads”androyalists.TheRoundheadssucceededinoustingthemonarchy,CharlesIin1642.•Afteragapof11yearsinwhichEnglandwasruledbyparliament’sleader,OliverCromwell,themonarchywasrestored.•ButtheKingspowerswerelimitedbyaChartersignedin1215.(GreatCharter)•In1689,ParliamentpassedtheBillofRightswhichensuredthattheKingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliament.•ThismarkedtherealbeginningoftheConstitutionalMonarchy.TheRoleoftheMonarchyToday•Hermainrole---•TheQueenisthesymbolofthewholenation.•(tosymbolizethetraditionandunitedoftheBritishstate)•Herotherroles:•Underthetermsoftheconstitution,sheislegallyheadoftheexecutive,anintegralpartyofthelegislature,headofthejudiciary,commanderinchiefofthearmedforcesand‘supremegovernor’oftheChurchofEngland.(P40)HerImportantJobs•1.asymbolrepresentingBritainathomeandabroad•2.settingstandardsofgoodcitizenshipandfamilylife•(QueenVictoriasetupagoodexamplefornursingandeducatingherchildren)国王/女王的职责：•法律意义上的行政首脑，立法机构中不可缺少的一部分，司法机构首脑，军队最高统率，以及英国国教的最高领袖。•国王是国家元首，最高司法长官，武装部队总司令和英国圣公会的“最高领袖”QueenElizabethII•Accordingtolegislation,thefulltitleofthepresentQueenis:•ElizabethII,ByTheGraceOfGod,OfTheUnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland.•AndOfHerOtherRealmsAndTerritories,Queen,HeadOfTheCommonwealth,DefenderOfTheFaith•----Grace:God’smercyandfavortowardsmankind(上帝对人类的慈悲).•----Realm:Kingdom(王国).•----Faith:指国家的或正统的宗教。•托上帝洪恩，大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及其他领土和属地的女王、英联邦元首、基督教的保护者伊丽莎白二世”HerWealth•TheQueenisindependentlywealth,muchofthefinancialsupportfortheRoyalFamilycomesfromthetaxpayer,supposedlyinrecognizanceofthefactthattheroyalfamilyfulfilsitsroleonbehalfoftheBritishpeople.TheRoyalResidenceHerfamily•Hersuccessor:•HersonPrinceCharles•HedivorcedPrincessDianain1997(ShediedthesameyearinacaraccidentinParis.)andmarriedCamillaParkerBowlesin2005.•Hissons:PrinceWilliamandHarryTheRoyalWeddingin1981TheRoyalMonarch•TheRoyalfamilyhasbeentargetedbypressandmagazinephotographers.•TheysentalettertoeditorsinresponsetomanyyearsoftheroyalfamilybeinghoundedbyphotographersontheQueen'sprivateproperty.Britain'squeenwritestoeditorsoverpaparazzi•LONDON:Britain'sQueenElizabethhaswrittentonewspaperandmagazineeditorsovertheissueofpaparazziphotographersintrudingontheroyalfamily'sprivacy.•…theSundayTelegraphsaidtheroyalswerenowreadytotakelegalactionifphotographerstookpicturesofthemwhiletheywereoffduty.•Itsaidtheycouldsueforbreachofprivacyortakeactionunderprotectionofharassmentlaws.•Membersoftheroyalfamilyfeeltheyhavearighttoprivacywhentheyaregoingabouteveryday,privateactivities.2.TheGovernment•TheBritishGovernmentreferstotheCabinetwhichincludesthePrimeMinisterandsomeotherministers.•Thecentralgovernmentismadeupof:•themonarch,theparliament,andthecabinetSomepointstothinkabout•Howdidthecabinetcomeintobeing?•HowwasthepositionofPrimeMinistersetup?•Howisagovernmentformed?•WhobecomesthePM?•(PleasereadP49)•Thekingorqueenmetregularlywithagroupofimportantparliamentarians,agroupwhichbecameknownastheCabinet.•KingGorgeIleftthejobofchairingcabinetmeetingstooneofhisministers.Intimehecametobecalledtheprimeminister.Howdoesagovernmentform?•Asweknow,whenaPartywinsamajorityoftheseatsintheHouseofCommonsinageneralelection,themonarchwillautomaticallyappointthepartyleaderPrimeMinisterandaskhimorhertoformagovernment.•ThenthePrimeMinisterwillchoosehisministersfromamongtheMembersofParliamentandaskthemonarchtoappointthemaccordingly.Thecabinet•Itiscomposedofthechiefsofthemostimportantministriesanddepartments.•WhoarealwaysincludedintheCabinet?•theMinisterofDefense,theForeignSecretary,andtheChancelloroftheExchequer(财政大臣)arealwaysincluded.TheseministersarecalledCabinetMinistersandtheyarethemostpowerfulpolicy-makinggroupinBritain.•ThePrimeMinisterlivesandworksinhisofficialresidence,No.10DowningStreetinasmallstreetoffWhitehall.TheGovernmentAdministration•BesidestheCabinetanditscommittees,therearealsomanyotheradministrativedepartmentsinBritishGovernment.•E.g.ForeignandCommon