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Britain:AnIntroductionI.Objectives•InthischapterwewilllookatsomegeneralfeaturesofBritainandsetthesceneforthemoredetailedexaminationofparticularaspectsoflifetherewhicharedealtwithinlaterchapters.II.FocalQuestions•WhatisthefullnameoftheBritishstate?Whatcountriesdoesitconsistof?•Thinkofthemostwell-knownsymbolsandtokensofnationalityinChina.Aretheythesametypesofreal-lifeobjects(e.g.plants,clothes)asthoseinBritain?II.FocalQuestions•In1970,theBBCshowedaseriesofprogramsaboutthehistoryoftheBritishEmpire.Beforetheseriesstarted,theyadvertisedit.Theadvertisementmentioned“England’shistory”.Withinafewhours,theBBChadreceivedthousandsofangrycallsofprotestanditwasforcedtomakeanapology.Whodoyouthinktheangrycallerswere?WhydidtheBBCapologize?III.Procedures•Presentationbystudents—Focalquestions•Lecturesbytheteacher•Classdiscussion—ExploitationActivities•AssignmentforthenextchapterV.Content•Relatednames•Culturalinformation•Physicalgeography•ThepeopleRelatedNames•theUK•Britain•GreatBritain•BritishIsles•England•theRepublicofIreland•BritishEmpire•BritishCommonwealth（英联邦)BritishIsles•northwestofEuropeintheAtlanticOcean•twolargeislands(GreatBritainandIreland)andhundredsofsmallislandsPhysicalGeography•AnOverview•Fourpartsofthecountry–England–Scotland–Wales–NorthernIreland•Rivers&lakes•ClimateAnoverallview(I)Britainisanislandcountry,situatedinthenorthwestofEuropeandsurroundedbythesea.ItliesinthenorthAtlanticOceanoffthenorthcoastofEurope,andiscutofffromthecontinentbytheEnglishChannelinthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeast.Thecountrycoversanareaof244,100km2.Itruns1,000kmfromnorthtosouthandextends,atthewidestpart,about500km.ItconsistsofScotland,WalesandEngland,andalsothenorthernfifthofIreland.TheBritishcoastislongandhasgood,deepharbors.Overallview(II)ThecountryisslowlytiltingwiththeNorthwestslowlyrisingandtheSoutheastslowlysinking.Thenorthandwestofthecountryaremainlyhighlands,whiletheeastandsoutheastaremostlylowlands.England•thelargest,southernpartoftheisland,coveringanareaof130,000km2,takingup60%ofthelandareaofthewholecountry•ThehighestpeakinthisregionisScafell(978m)intheLakeDistrictinnorth-westEngland,whiletheeasternpartismainlyanopencultivatedplain.•London,Manchester,BirminghamandLiverpoolarethemajorcities.London(I)LondonisthecapitalofEnglandandofGreatBritain,thepoliticalcenteroftheCommonwealth,andamajorport,65kmfromthemouthoftheRiverThames.Administrativelyitconsistsof:①theCityofLondon,theoriginalnucleus,retainingamedievalsystemofgovernmentofcourtsofaldermenandanelectedlordmayor.②GreaterLondon,ametropolitancounty,madeupof12InnerLondonboroughsand20OuterLondonboroughs.LondonMapLondon•TheCity,onthenorthbankoftheThames,isoneoftheworld'sleadingbankingandfinancialcenters.ItcontainsGuildhall(1411-23)andStPaul'sCathedral(1675-1710).ThePortofLondonliestotheeastanditsdocksextendfor25milesalongtheThames.TheTowerofLondon(11thc.)liesjusteastoftheCity.TheWestEndincludesWestminster,theareaofcentralgovernmentadministration,StJames'Palace(1521-1533),severalparks,andfineexamplesofdomesticarchitecture(esp.18th-19thcenturies).Industries(esp.intheEastEndandthesuburbs):printing,publishing,electricalandmechanicalengineering,chemicals,clothing,foodprocessing,plastics.SomeofLondon'sculturalinstitutionsaretheUniversityofLondon(1836),theBritishMuseum(1753),theNationalGallery(1838),theCoventGardenOperaHouse(1856-1858)andRoyalFestivalHall(1951).LondonTowerbackSt.PaulCathedralbackBigBenbackBritishMuseumbackWestminsterAbbeybackTheBuckinghamPalacebackTheThamesbackTowerBridgebackScotlandback•mainlycomposedofmountains,lakesandislands•coveringanareaof78,760km2•BenNevis(1,343m)isthehighestpeakinBritain.•Edinburghisthecapitalcity.•Threenaturalzones:theHighlandsinthenorththecentralLowlandstheSouthernUplandsBenNevisbackWales•coveringanareaof20,761km2(about9%)inthewestofGreatBritain•amountainousareawithhillsrisingsteeplyfromtheseaandwithflattops•6%ofWalesiscoveredwithforestandmuchofthecountryispasture,withonly12%oftheareaarable.•ThecapitalcityisCardiff.NorthernIreland•takingupanareaof14,147km2,thenorthernfifthofIreland•Belfastisthecapitalcity.•TheLough[lck]Neagh(内伊湖）hereisthelargestlakeinBritain.backLoughNeaghRiversandLakes(I)RiversinBritaindonotfreezeinwinter.TheyplayaveryimportantroleinBritain’seconomy.ThegreatportsofLondon,LiverpoolandGlasgowareallconnectedtotheseabyrivers.ThelongestriveristheSevernRiverwhichisonly338kmlong.ThesecondlargestriverinBritainistheThamesRiver,whichis336kmlong.ItrisesinsouthwestEnglandandflowsratherslowlythroughtheMidlandsofEnglandtoOxford,LondonandoutintotheNorthSea.RiversandLakes(II)backTherearemanylakesinBritainespeciallyinnorthernScotland,theLakeDistrictinnorth-westEnglandandnorthWales.ThelargestlakeinBritainistheLoughNeaghinNorthernIrelandwhichcoversanareaof396km2.theThames(I)OldFatherThamesisfamousforitshistory,itscultureanditsamazingvariety.Theriverhassomethingforeveryone.Ifyouenjoypeaceandnaturalbeauty,thenthegentleandoftenremotestretchesoftheupperThameswillsuityou.AtOxford,theriver-locallyknownasIsis[aisis]（埃及神话司生育与繁殖的女神）-springstolife.Hereyo