Chapter 2 Cultures and Communication

2020/4/271Chapter2CulturesandCommunication2.ITheNatureofCulture2.1.1DefinitionsofCulture2.1.2CharacteristicsofCulture2.2ThenatureofCommunication2.2.1Elementsofcommunication2.2.2CharacteristicsofCommunication2020/4/2722.1.1DefinitionsofCultureDefineculturefromdifferentperspectives.FromIntellectualPerspectiveAccordingtotheConciseOxfordDictionary,cultureistheartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively.（作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。)Itreferstointellectualperspective,suchasmusic,art,exhibition,dance,etc.WhenyoutalkaboutPicasso,Beethoven,etc.,youaretalkingaboutculture.2020/4/273BeethovenexhibitiondancePicasso2020/4/274FromAnthropologicPerspectiveCultureisthecustoms,civilizations,andachievementsofaparticulartimeorpeople.（从人类学角度定义文化：文化是某一特定时间或人类群体的习惯、文明和成就）2020/4/275Greek(Parthenon)希腊神庙，又称巴特农神庙。EgyptianChinese2020/4/276FromSocialPerspectiveCultureiswhatasocietydoesandthinks.Culturecoverseverythingofasociety.（从社会学角度定义文化：文化可以被定义为一个社会的所为和所想。）2020/4/277FromPsychologicalPerspectiveCultureisthecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother.（从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。）2020/4/278WesternWeddingCeremonyChineseWeddingCeremony2020/4/279FromInterculturalCommunicationPerspectiveCultureisalearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople.（从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是习得的一套关于信仰、价值观念和规范的公认的解释，这些信仰、价值观念和规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。）2020/4/2710ethnocentricLEARNEDtransmittedINTEGRATEDsymbolicCULTUREIS…TheCharacteristicsofCultureunconsciousSubjecttochange2020/4/27112.1.2CharacteristicsofCulture1)CultureIsLearned(consciouslyorunconsciously):notinnateWelearnculturefrom……（parents,otherfamilymembers,friends,andevenstrangerswhoarepartoftheculture）**throughProverbs,Folktales,Myths,andlegends**throughArte.g.BeijingOpera**throughMassMedia2020/4/27122.1.2CharacteristicsofCultureThreewaysthroughwhichEnculturationtakesplace:interactionobservationimitation2020/4/2713BehaviourTraditionsArtefacts–buildings,clothes,artetc.BeliefsAttitudesPerceptionsValueswayofdoingthings(10%)wayofthinking(90%)2)MostpartofcultureisunconsciousCultureasanicebergexplicittacitCultureislikeanicebergsomeisvisible(history,literature,customs)mostisinvisible(feelingsandattitudes)2020/4/2714Canyoutellwhichofthefollowingareabovethewaterandwhicharebelow?WhatpeopleeatWhatpeoplewearWhatgameschildrenplayHowtousetimeHowtointroducepeopleHowtoparticipateinceremoniesRulesforgesturesRulesforfacialexpressionsandeyecontactEtiquetteWorkspeedWhatisrightorwrong,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,goodorbad,etc.Carparking2020/4/2715CaseStudyRichard,anengineerfromtheUnitedStates,wasinvitedtotaketeawithoneofhisBritishcolleagueswhilehewasinEngland.Thiswasapurelysocial,relaxedoccasion.Teawasservedalongwithsugarandcream.Ashehelpedhimselftosomesugarandcream,hesensedhehaddonesomethingwrong.Canyoutellwhatwentwrong?“Helpyourself”VS.“Bemyguest”2020/4/2716Oct.5,200521stCenturyChangingTastes“ThisJulyChinaDailyreportedsevereobesityaffects16to20percentChina’syoungurbanites.”“AmajorstudyreleasedbyCentreforPublicNutritionandDevelopmentlastSeptemberfoundasincomeincreases,energyintakeincreases.Butahighpercentageofthatextraenergycomesfromfat.Andgrainsandpotatoeswereeatenless.”3)Cultureissubjecttochange(adaptive)2020/4/27172.1.2CharacteristicsofCulture4)cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration2020/4/27185)cultureisbasedonsymbols1)verballanguage2)nonverballanguage3)iconiclanguage(flags,jewelry,cross)2020/4/27196).cultureisintegrated(variousfacetsofcultureareinterrelated)2020/4/27207)cultureisethnocentric本民族文化西优越感Auniversaltendencyforanypeopletoputitsowncultureandsocietyinacertainpositionofpriorityandworth2020/4/2721InstinctivebehaviorandculturalbehaviorReadingonp.41Questions:DoyouknowMaslow’stheory?Dohumanbeingsrealizealltheseneedsatthesametime?DopeopleallovertheworldsharethesamebasicneedsdescribedbyMaslow?Dopeoplerealizetheseneedsinthesameways?Iscultureconsciousorsubconscious?2020/4/27221Physiologicalneeds2Safety3Belongingness4Esteem5Self-actualizationInstinctivebehavior—innateanduniversalMaslow:peopleallovertheworldsharefivebasicneeds:P.412020/4/2723Culturalbehavior—learnedandtransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughtheuseofsymbolsPeopleindifferentculturessatisfytheseneedsindifferentways.Examples:Differentwaysofeating:para3,4,5,6p.43;Differenceintreatingvisitors.p.382020/4/27242.2TheNatureofCommunicationThewordcommunicationcomesfromtheLatinword“communicare”,itmeanstogiveortoexchange.Now,themostcommonmeaningof“communication”istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings.(thebasisofallhumancontact)Communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.(J.T.Wood)2020/4/27252.2.1Elementsofcommunication(P49-56)Context:Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.（情境指交际发生的环境，并有助于解释交