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1Waysofdevelopingparagraphs:DevelopmentbytimeDevelopmentbyprocessDevelopmentbySpaceDevelopmentbyExampleandgeneralizationDevelopmentbycomparisonandcontrastDevelopmentbycauseandeffectDevelopmentbyclassificationDevelopmentbydefinitionDevelopmentbyacombinationofmethods1.DevelopmentbytimeIntellingastoryorrecountinganevent,theeasiestandclearestwayistodescribethingsinorderoftime:earlierthingsarementionedbeforelaterthings,thefirstthingsfirstandthelastthinglast.Example:MyheartgavealeapwhenIheardtheannouncementthatourtrainwouldsoonarriveatitsdestination–Beijing.Likeotherpassengers,Ibegantocollectmythingsandputmymug,towel,atlas,apples,andotherthingsintomybag.Tothetuneofabeautifulsongthetrainpulledintothestationandgentlystoppedbyaplatform.Iwalkedoutofthetrainandwascarriedforwardbythestreamofpeopleintoanundergroundpassageandthenintoabighall.AsIsteppedoutofthestation,Iwasdazzledbythebright2autumnshiesofBeijing.ThoughIhadbeenonthetrainformorethanthirtyhoursandspentansleeplessnight,Ididn’tfeeltiredatall,andIbelievedmydaysinBeijingwouldbeassunnyastheskies.2.DevelopmentbyprocessWhenwehavetoexplainhowsomethingisdone,youusuallyfollowachronologicalsequenceandgiveastep-by–stepdescription.Asthestepsmustoccuroneafteranother,theexactorderinwhichtheyarecarriedoutismostimportant.Example:Itisnecessaryforapersontoknowhowtopostaparcel,sincealmosteveryonehasrelativesandfriendslivingfarawayandhemayliketosendthemsomething.Differentobjectsarepackedindifferentways.Thingslikebottleofmedicineandwatchesshouldbeputintowoodenboxestoavoidbreakage.Afteryouhavepackedtheobjects,putdownyouraddressandthatoftheaddresseeonthewrapping.Givetheparceltothepostalclerkforhimtocheck.Hewillthengiveyouafirmtofillin.Havingfilledintheform,yougiveittogetherwiththeparceltotheclerk.Hewillweightheparcelandtellyouhowmuchyoushouldpay.Youpaythemoneyandgetreceipt.BEsuretokeepyourreceiptuntilyouaresurethattheaddresseehasreceivedthe3parcel.Ifanythingwrongshouldhappentoyourparcel,youcanshowthereceipttotheclerkandasktobereimbursed.3.DevelopmentbySpaceBeforewebegintodescribeaplace,whetheritisalargecountryorasmallroom,wehavetodecideontheorderinwhichtonamethedifferentpartsordetails.Forthisweshouldfindoutthespacerelationshipsbetweenthemandarrangeoutdescriptionaccordingly.Example:Mr.Cook,arenownedAmericanhistorian,arrangesthebooksonhisbookshelvesinauniqueway.Intheupperrighthandcorner,therearebooksaboutthedevelopmentiftheearlycoloniesinNewEnglandandtheWarofIndependence.Rightunderthemcanbefoundbooksontheslavetrade,theplantationsystemandthegrowthofthesouthernstates.TheleftsideoftheshelfcontainshundredsofbooksconcerningsubjectsoftheWestwardMovement,Indianculture,thecowboys’contributionstoAmericansocietyandtheGoldRushinCalifornia.Fromthedescriptionabove,onecanseeethatMr.CookregardshisbookshelvesasamapoftheU.S.andarrangeshishistorybooksaccordingly.Itisodd,butitisconvenient.44.DevelopmentbyExampleandgeneralizationSupportingatopicsentencewithexamplesorillustrationsmakesageneralstatementspecificandeasytounderstand.Vividillustrationslightupabstractideasandmakethemclear,interesting,memorable,orconvincing.Example:Thistermseveralusefulandinterestingcourseshadebeenoffered.AnIntroductiontoEuropeanCulture,forinstance,givesusalotofbackgroundknowledgeofthehistoryofEuropeanphilosophy,literature,andarts.Fromtimetotimeweseeslideshowsoffamouspaintingsandheartapesoffamouspiecesofmusic,andtheymakethelecturesallthemoreinteresting.AmericanSocietyandCultureisanothercoursethatattractsalargeaudience.Theteacher,whovisitedtheUnitedStatesnotlongago,discussesnewtrendsandchangesinAmericanlifeaswellasAmericanhistoryandtraditions.Weliketheseandothercoursesverymuch,becausetheyhelpusnotonlytoimproveourEnglishbutbroadenourvision.Thefollowingparagraph,whichismainlydescriptive,containsmanydetails.Itstartswithatopicsentence.Thendetailsaregiventobackuptheopeningstatement.Thisisthegeneral-to-specificpattern.Example:Mylittleniece,aten-month-oldbaby,isthemostlovelychildIhave5evenseen.Herfaceislikearedappleandhereyesarelikebrightstars.Whenyoucarryherinyourarms,shelikestoputherarmsaroundyourneck.Allthegrownupsinthefamilyloveherverymuchandoftentrytomakehersmile.Butquiteoftenitisshewhomakesuslaugh.OnceIwinkedatherandshesmiled.WhenIdiditagain,shewatchedmeattentively.Thenshetriedtoimitate.Whileweclosedoneeyetowink,shehadtoclosebotheyesatthesametime,andthenquicklyopenedthemagain.Andthatwasherwaytowink.Weallburstintolaughter.Whenwelookedatheragain,shewasstaringatus,puzzled,asifshewasasking:“Whatareyoulaughingat?”5.Developmentbycomparisonandcontrast6.Developmentbycauseandeffect7.Developmentbyclassification8.Developmentbydefinition9.Developmentbyacombinationofmethods应用文类型及其写作方法第一节段首句作文一、写作要求段首句作文是四级考试中常见的一种题型。通常分两种：一种是段首句点明每段的主题，这种段首句被称为主题句；另6一种是段首句作为开场白，引出文章的思路，这种段首句被称为提示句。不管是何种，段首句作文都属于控制性作文的范畴。一般要求考生写三段，每段都给出段首句，要求根据段首句来补充和扩写，使之成为一个完整的段落。因此，续写的文字必须与段首句在意义上连成一体，形式上互为统一，否则旧有扣题不紧，偏离主题之嫌。因此，写作时应注意以下两点：1．认真审题，抓住段首句的中心思想以及所限定的范围，也就是围绕主导思想展开段落，以免扩充的材料偏离方向。2．段落之间的过度要自然，前后要照应，句子之间的衔接要自然、流畅，以便达到结构上的连贯。二、范文点评[范文一]题目：WhatdoyouthinkofComputerNetw