高考英语语法讲解课件--独立主格结构及其用法

11独立主格结构及其用法12大家知道，独立主格结构是由两部分构成的词组组成。第一部分一般由名词、名词词组或代词担任，第二部分由动词的非谓语形式(动词不定式、现在分词短语和过去分词短语)、形容词、副词、名词和介词短语担任。这两部分在逻辑意义上有主谓关系，即第一部分是第二部分的逻辑主语。例如：Thequestionsettled,theywenttohavetheirlunch.Theweather(being)fine,wedecidedtogoonanouting..Theteachercamein,bookinhand.Themanlaythere,hishandstrembling.13独立主格结构在句子中可担任不同的句子成分。例如：Thequestionratherdifficult,wemustspendmoretimeconsideringitcarefully.(表示原因)此句可改写为:Asthequestionisratherdifficult,wemustspendmoretimeconsideringitcarefully.Weatherpermitting,wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.(表示条件)此句可改写为：Ifweatherpermits,wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.14独立主格结构根据其不同词类的搭配可归纳如下：1.名词(或代词)+现在分词短语；在这种结构中，名词(或代词)与现在分词短语之间为主动关系。例如：ItbeingSunday,theyhadnoclasses.此句可改写为：AsitwasSunday,theyhadnoclasses.Thebellringing,allthestudentsenteredtheclassroom.此句可改写为：Assoonasthebellrang,allthestudentsenteredtheclassroom.2.名词(或代词)+过去分词短语；在这种结构中，名词(或代词)与过去分词之间为被动关系。例如：Everythingtakenintoconsideration,heisthemostsuitablepersonforthejob.此句可改写为：Ifeverythingistakenintoconsideration,heisthemostsuitablepersonforthejob.Herhomeworkdone,Marydecidedtogoshopping.此句可改写为：Asherhomeworkwasdone,Marydecidedtogoshopping.153.名词(或代词)+动词不定式；在这种结构中，名词(或代词)与动词不定式之间为主动关系，动词不定式表示将来。例如：Thestudentsweredividedintothreegroups,eachtofinishonethirdofthework.此句可改写为：Thestudentsweredividedintothreegroups,andeach(group)wouldfinishonethirdofthework.Herearethefirstthreevolumes,thefourthonetocomeoutnextmonth.此句可改写为：Herearethefirstthreevolumes,andthefourthonewillcomeoutnextmonth.Hesuggestedgoingforapicnic,Marytoprovidethefood.此句可改写为：HesuggestedgoingforapicnicandMarywouldprovidethefood.164.名词(或代词)+形容词；例如：Thebabybegantocryagain,hisfaceverypaleandhislipscolorless.此句可改写为：Thebabybegantocryagainwithhisfaceverypaleandhislipscolorless.Theyweremakingasnowman,handsredwithcold.此句可改写为：Theyweremakingasnowmanwiththeirhandsredwithcold.175.名词(或代词)+介词短语；例如：Hewaslyingonthelawn,hishandsunderhishead.此句可改写为：Hewaslyingonthelawnwithhishandsunderhishead.So,Oliverrosefromthetableandwentuptothemaster,bowlandspooninhand.此可改写为：So,Oliverrosefromthetableandwentuptothemasterwithabowlandaspooninhishand.6.名词(或代词)+副词；例如：Themeetingover,theywenthomeatonce.此句可改写为：Afterthemeetingwasover,theywenthomeatonce.Hisheaddown,hewasstandingatthedooroftheclassroom.此句可改写为：Hewasstandingatthedooroftheclassroomwithhisheaddown.187.名词(或代词)+名词；例如：Hisfirstattemptfailure,hetriedagain.此句可改写为：Ashisfirstattemptfailed,hetriedagain.Hefoughtthethreerascalsbravely,astickhisonlyweapon.此句可改写为：Hefoughtthethreerascalsbravelywithastickashisonlyweapon.8.Here(或there)+现在分词短语；例如：Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.此句可改写为：Astherewasnobus,wehadtowalkhome.Herecominganotherguest,Ihadtobuyonemorebottleofwine.此句可改写为：Becauseherecameanotherguest,Ihadtobuyonemorebottleofwine.199.介词with(like,without,等)+宾语(名词或代词)+宾语补足语构成的独立主格结构；在这种结构中，作宾语补足语的主要有现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式、形容词、副词、名词和介词短语等。现在分词表示目前状态(主动)，过去分词表示动作已经完成(被动)，动词不定式则表示动作将要发生。例如：Hewassotiredthathefellasleepwiththelampburning.Withyoutoleadtheway,wearesuretogetthereontime.WithsomanypeoplecommunicatinginEnglisheveryday,itwillbecomemoreandmoreimportanttohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish.Withhishomeworkfinished,hewenttoseeafilm.Wecouldhardlyseeanythingwiththelightsout.Twoguardswerestandingatthegate,withagunintheirhands.Withoutonemorewordspoken,theywentaway.Theoldmanaddedafewlinesandcoloredtheopenspacelikeachildplayingwithapicturebook.Theoldmanlivesalonewiththedoghisonlycompanion.110注意：⑴从1—8种结构可以看出，这些独立主格结构相当于相应的状语从句或其他结构，只不过这些从句的主语与主句主语不同罢了。如果从句的主语与主句主语一致，则只能变为分词短语；从句为主动语态时，变为现在分词短语；若从句为被动语态时，则变为过去分词短语。试比较：Afterhedidthework,hewenthome.=Havingdonethework,hewenthome.Aftertheworkwasdone,hewenthome.=Theworkdone,hewenthome.Ifwaterisheated,itwillturnintosteam.=Heated,waterwillturnintosteam.Assomanypeoplewereabsent,themeetinghadtobeputofftillnextweek.=Somanypeople(being)absent,themeetinghadtobeputofftillnextweek.111⑵从第9种结构可以看出，此结构就是介词+复合宾语结构，这种结构在句中可以起到不同的语法功能。例如：Withtheboyleadingtheway,wehadnodifficultyinfindingMr.Green’shouse.此句相当于Becausetheboyledtheway,wehadnodifficultyinfindingMr.Green’shouse.WithJimtohelpmewithmyEnglish,Icandobetterinit.此句相当于IfJimhelpsmewithmyEnglish,Icandobetterinit.Helivesinaroomwithitswindowfacingnorth.此句相当于Helivesinaroomwhosewindowfacesnorth.Ourschoollooksmorebeautifulwithalltheflowerscomingout.此句相当于Ourschoollooksmorebeautifulwhenalltheflowerscomeout.Withalltheworkdone,hewentforaholiday.此句相当于Afteralltheworkwasdone,hewentforaholiday.112⑶介词with+复合宾语结构有时也可将介词with省去，同时也可省去这种结构中的代词或冠词，这样使句子显得更简练。例如：Theteacherwentintotheclassroom,withabookinhishand.=Theteacherwentintotheclassroom,bookinhand.Jimwasstandingthere,motionless,withhiseyesfixeduponDella.=Jimwasstandingthere,motionless,eyesfixeduponDella.Tomstoodinfrontofhisteacherwithhisheaddown.=Tomstoodinfrontofhisteacher,headdownShesatonabenchinthepark,(with)hersonplayingbesideher.