How-to-Research如何开展研究工作

Howtoresearch?Howtochooseobject:Howtoobtainreference:Howtocollectdata:Howtoanalyzethedata:Howtointerpretthedata:Howtoconclude:Howtowritebibliography:Howtochooseobjectchoosethetopicfromyourinterests,experience,readings,topicalissuesandetc.specifytheresearchquestion:puttheobjectiveintoaconcreteproposition.significant,feasible,neitherbroadnornarrowPossibletopicsOn-campustopicsOpinionsofbothstudentsandstaffaboutthecafeteria/libraryetc.serviceOpinionsandsuggestionsoncoursesofferedinourdepartmentandcollegeRateofsuccessfulcampuslovethatresultsinmarriageQualitiesofamostattractivecollegestudent……Off-campustopicsDemandforEnglishtutorsinsocietyWhatqualitiesareattractivetopotentialemployers?Areinternswelcomed?……DefinitionofQuestionnaireThequestionnaireisaformthatconsistsofquestionsonatopicorgroupoftopicsdesignedtobeansweredbyanumberofpeople.Haveyoueverbeenaskedtoansweraquestionnaire?Whatwasitabout?PurposeTogatherinformation,e.g.,commentsoropinionsontheserviceorproductsofacompany.Theinformationgatheredwillbetransformedintostatisticalinformation,graphsandcharts.Afterthecarefulanalysis,theresultswillbecomethebasisofareportorpolicy-making.LayoutofQuestionnaireTitleIntroductionQuestionsCloseFootnoteProcessofwritingquestionnairesIdentifythegoal(s)oftheQConsidertheaudience,theonewhoneedstheinfo.,andhowinfo.willbemosteffectivelypresentedselectthereliablerespondents,representativesampleofpopulationMakearoughlistofallinfo.requiredStructureandwordthequestionslogicallyandappropriatelyTypeouttheformneatlyMakeanynecessaryamendments.Alwaysconsiderthelayoutofyourquestionnaire.Youwanttomakeitattractive,easytounderstandandeasytocomplete.TitleHelpreadersseewhatthequestionnairesareabout.QuestionnairesontheTVShowSurveyonHotelServiceQualityIntroductionShowthereasontofillinthequestionnaire.Wearecurrentlyplanningtobuysomenewfurnitureforthetrainingschool.Couldyoupleasegivemeyouropinionsorsuggestionsbyansweringthefollowingquestions?Theresultsofthequestionnaireswillbepresentedtotheboardforfurtherdiscussion.Thanksforcooperation.AskQuestionsquestionnairequestionsV.internalquestionsThequestionsyouaskyourselfareusuallyunsuitableforaskingrespondentsdirectly.Thisisaproblemwithalotofquestionnaireswrittenbybeginners.Theoverridingconsiderationinquestionnairedesignistomakesureyourquestionscanaccuratelytellyouwhatyouwanttolearn.Openv.ClosedClosedformatquestionsusuallytaketheformofamultiple-choicequestion.Theyareeasyfortherespondent.Openformatquestionsarethosethataskforunpromptedopinions.Inotherwords,therearenopredeterminedsetofresponses.Whatdifferentpurposesdothesetwokindsofquestionsserve?AdvantagesofeachformatClosedformat1.Easyforrespondents2.Easytocalculatepercentages3.SavetimeandmoneyOpenformat1.Invitesubjectivedata2.Invitewiderresponse3.Trulyreflecttheopinionsofrespondents4.Properwhentherangeofresponsesisnottightlydefined.DisadvantagesofOpenformat:1.Thereisnowaytoautomaticallytabulateorperformstatisticalanalysisonthem.Thisisobviouslymorecostlyinbothtimeandmoney.2.Openformatquestionsrequiremorethoughtandtimeonthepartoftherespondent.3.Theyarealsoopentotheinfluenceofthereader,fornotwopeoplewillinterpretananswerinpreciselythesameway.Thisconflictcanbeeliminatedbyusingasinglereader(orasingleresearcher),butalargenumberofresponsescanmakethisimpossible.Multiplechoicequestions:Abouthowmanydaysaweekdoyougooutonbusiness?___A.1dayB.2daysC.3daysYesorNoquestionsDoyouownacolorTV?Y/NAreyougoingtoregisterforthebusinessmemberthisyear?Y/NRatingorpreferencequestionsHowdoyouratethiscar:excellentgoodfairpoorIamatrend-setter:StronglyAgreeStronglyDisagree12345Tipsonscalequestion:Manysurveysuseaten-pointscale,butthereisconsiderableevidencetosuggestthatanythingoverafivepointscaleisirrelevant.Anotherissueonwhichresearchersdifferiswhethertouseascalewithanoddorevennumberofpoints.Someliketoforcepeopletogiveananswerthatisclearlypositiveornegative,even;Othersfeelitisimportanttoofferaneutral,middleoption,odd.ListquestionsWhichofthefollowinghaveyouattendedinthepastsixmonths?(Checkallthatapply)ArtexhibitionBalletCinemaOperaPlayOtherperformance(pleasespecify):Questionsmustbeclear,succinctandunambiguous.QuestionsmustberelevanttogoalCarefullyselecttherespondents.MakesurethattheyarereliableandrepresentativesampleofpopulationAvoidloadedquestions,e.g.,“Whydopeoplethinkthatthisbrandispopular?”Avoidpotentiallybiasedquestions,e.g.,“Don’tyouthink…?”FormulatequestionswhoseanswerscanbereadilycomputedAskopenquestionsaswellasclosedquestionsGiveallthepossiblechoices.Whereitisfeasible,providesomespaceforthereadertoprovidehisanswer.SequenceofquestionsAtthebeginning,tohavesomequestionsthatarebothinterestingandeasytoanswer.Asrapportgraduallybuildsupbetweeninterviewerandinterviewee,moredifficultandpersonalquestionscanbeasked.Inagoodquestionnaire,thequestionswillseemtoflowinalogicalorder.Thequestionsshouldmovegraduallyfromthegeneraltothespecific;thisiscalledfunnelling.Themoresensitiveaquestion,thecloseritshouldbetotheendofthequestionnaire.Attheendofaque