第一讲一、句子的成分和基本句型二、句子的种类三、写作:接受便条一、句子的成分和基本句型1.句子的成分主语+谓语=主题成分‖表语+宾语(直接/间接宾语)+宾语补足语定语+状语=次要部分①主语subject主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。•WestudyinNO.1MiddleSchool.•Theclassroomisveryclean.•Threewereabsent.•ToteachthemEnglishismyjob.•ItismayjobtoteachthemEnglish.不定式作主语时,常用形式主语it句型②谓语predicate说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致,它在主语后面。–Hisparentsaredoctors.–Shelookswell.–Westudyhard.–Wehavefinishedreadingthebook.–HecanspeakEnglish.③表语predicative表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。•Youlookyoungerthanbefore.•Iamateacher.•Everybodyishere.•Theyareathomenow.•MyjobistoteachthemEnglish.感官动词■look■taste■smell■sound■feel表示状态■become■remain■keep■prove■get■turn■grow■appear■seem④宾语object宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,在谓语之后。•Sheisplayingthepianonow.•Heoftenhelpsme.•Helikestosleepintheopenair.•WeenjoylivinginChina.⑤宾语补足语objectcomplement“宾语+宾语补足语”=复合宾语•♣Ifyouletmego,I’llmakeyouking.•♣Leavethedooropen.•♣WefoundLiMingoutwhenwearrived.•♣Makeyourselfathome.•♣Isawastrangerenterthebuilding.•♣Thebosskeptthemworkingallday.•♣Yesterdayhegothislegbroken.⑥状语adverbial状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式程度等意义,一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。•Hediditcarefully.•Withouthishelp,wecouldn’tworkitout.•(Inorder)tocatchupwithmyclassmates,Imuststudyhard.⑦定语attributive定语用来修饰名词或代词,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语,不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。。•Theblackbikeismine.•Whatisyourname?•Theymadepaperflowers.•TheboysintheroomareinClassThreeGradeOne.•Ihavesomethingtodo.种类句型主语S谓语部分谓语动词V表语P宾语O宾语补足语OC第1种S+VWework.(不及物)第2种S+V+OHeplays(及物)thepiano第3种S+V+PWeare(系动词)Students.第4种S+V+IO(间接宾语)+DO(直接宾语)Shegave(及物)meapen.第5种S+V+O+OCHemade(及物)theboylaugh2.五种基本句型句子成分的表示法S:Subject(主语)OC:ObjectComplement(宾语补足语,简称宾补)V:Verb(动词)IO:IndirectObject(间接宾语,简称间宾)O:Object(宾语)DO:DirectObject(直接宾语,简称直宾)P:Predicative(表语)①第1种句型S+V主语+谓语(不及物动词)♣Herunsinthepark.♣Classbegins.♣Webeginourclassat8.vi:必背p.6sleepgolaughwalkcomestayswimworkarrivehappen/takeplace②第2种句型S+V+O主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语•♣Myfatherreadthebook.•♣ShelikesEnglish.•♣Iknowhimverywell.•♣Theywanttogo.•♣Hestoppedwriting.•♣Youmustlistentome.有些不及物动词后面加上介词就可把它看成一个及物动词③第3种句型S+V+P主语+系动词+表语•♣Hebecameascientist.•♣Theyarehonest.•他们现在在家。•Theyareathomenow.•我的工作是教他们英语。•MyjobistoteachthemEnglish.•keep•looksmellsoundtastefeel•growgetgoturn④第4种句型S+V+IO+DO主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的,或是为谁做的双宾语:直接宾语(表示动作结果)和间接宾语(动作目标)•HegaveTomapresent.•Giveittome.•必背:p.7间接宾语在后面时,其前必须加to(“给”)或for(给、“替”、“为”)直接宾语和间接宾语的使用间+直当直接宾语是人称代词时,为了强调间接宾语,直+间•我把它递给我妈妈。•♣Ipassedittomymother.•她把它们扔给我。•♣Shethrewthemtome.•我为他找到多余的书/票。•♣Ifoundsparebooks/ticketsforhim.Isendhimit“疑问词+不定式”作直接宾语•他教我如何读这个单词。•♣Hetaughtmehowtoreadtheword.•我告诉他做什么。•♣Itoldhimwhattodo.•他问我为什么唱这支歌。•♣Heaskedmewhytosingthissong.•她问我走哪条路。•♣Sheaskedmewhichwaytogo.⑤第5种句型S+V+O+OC主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语call,name,make,think,and,leave•他们使她幸福。•♣Theymadeherhappy.•我们叫她康妮。•♣WecallherConnie.•我觉得这部电影很有意思。•♣Ifoundthemovieinteresting.•他让这个窗户开着。•♣Heleftthewindowopen.•我看见她跳舞了。•♣Isawherdance.•watch,1ookat,listento,hearfeel,let,make宾补由不定式担当,省去to。但变为被动语态时,+toShewasseentodance⑥第4种句型和第5种句型(双宾语和复合宾语)的比较•■第4种句型变为被动语态,有两种情况:•♣Wesentthematelegram.•→Theyweresentatelegram.•→Atelegramwassenttothem.•■第5种句型变为被动语态时,只有一种句式。•♣Iwillmakeyouking.•→Youwillbemadeking.•♣Hegavemeabook.•♣HecallsmeTom.•宾语+宾语补足语可以形成逻辑上的主谓关系,即“我是汤姆;•间接宾语和直接宾语不存在逻辑上的主谓关系,即不能想像为“我是一本书”。1用所给的单词组成句子1.to,the,box,I,want,take,to,room,heavy,theIwanttotaketheheavyboxtotheroom.2.look,things,the,after,boys,their,mustTheboysmustlookaftertheirthings.3.here,all,are,youYouareallhere.4.today,who,duty,is,onWhoisondutytoday?5.Miss,them,3yearsago,Wang,taught,JapaneseMissWangtaughtthemJapanese3yearsago.6.is,rice,bag,in,there,much,theThereismuchriceinthebag.2根据中文提示,完成下列句子1.Haveyoueverbeento(最远的小岛)?2.Wemust(保持清洁)ourclassroom.3.Theyand(每两小时,必须坐下休息)twohours.4.Afterworkhealways(感到有点儿累).5.Thereis(有点儿毛病)withLinda'scat'seyes.6.Icansee(没有异常之物)inthetree.7.Mr.Fangis(去……访问)hisaunt.thefarthestislandkeepcleanhavetositdownresteveryfeelsalittletiredsomethingwrongnothingunusualonavisitto二、句子的种类陈述句♣Thisisadog.这是一只狗。疑问句♣Isthisadog?这是一只狗吗?感叹句♣Whatabeautifuldogthisis!这是只多么漂亮的狗!祈使句♣Openyoureyes!睁开眼睛!简单句♣Iamstudying.我在读书。并列句♣IwasborninasmallvillageandIlivedtherefortenyears.我出生在一个小村庄里并在那里生活了十年。复合句♣AssoonasIgetthere,I’llcallyou.我一到那儿,就给你打电话。1、陈述句凡是说明一件事情,提出一个看法,或是表达一种心情的句子有肯定式和否定式。句末用句号“.”,通常用降调否定式的缩略形式■isnot→isn’t■arenot→aren’t■wasnot→wasn’t■werenot→weren’t■donot→don’t■doesnot→doesn’t■didnot→didn’t■cannot→can’t■willnot→won’t■mustnot→mustn’t■havenot→haven’t■hasnot→hasn’t■hadnot→hadn’t■amnot无所写形式,应为I’mnot形式a进行时和被动语态(现在时、过去时、进行时)都有be动词,所以它们的否定句与be动词的否定句同形。这个孩子以前没有被照顾过。♣Thechildwasnotlookedafter.他们没在打扫房间。♣Theyaren’tcleaningtheroom.b将来时(will、shall)、完成时及情态动词的被动语态不能用be动词的否定句型。♣(×)Theywillbenotsenttothefront.(○)Theywillnotbesenttothefront.B、情态动词的否定句主语+情态动词+not+动词原形♣Icannotdoitmyself.♣Youmustnotgotherealone.C一般动词的否定句句型主语+do(does,did)+not+动词原形D、现在完成时的否定句句型主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+……这本书我还没看完。♣Ihaven’tfinishedreadingthebookyet.E、过去完成时