The-Greek-Civilization-(古希腊文明)

TheGreekCivilization2020/4/27John3:161“TheglorythatwasGreece...thegrandeurthatwasRome”ToHelenHelen,thybeautyistomeLikethoseNiceanbarksofyoreThatgently,o'eraperfumedsea,Theweary,way-wornwandererboreTohisownnativeshore.Ondesperateseaslongwonttoroam,Thyhyacinthhair,thyclassicface,ThyNaiadairshavebroughtmehomeTotheglorythatwasGreece,AndthegrandeurthatwasRome.Lo,inyonbrilliantwindow-nicheHowstatue-likeIseetheestand,Theagatelampwithinthyhand,Ah!Psyche,fromtheregionswhichAreHolyLand!EdgarAllanPoe(1809–1849),Americanauthor,poet,editorandliterarycritic.HelenofSpartaInGreekmythology,HelenofTroy,alsoknownasHelenofSparta,wasthedaughterofZeusandLeda,wifeofMenelaus(legendarykingofMycenaeanSparta).Herabduction(诱拐)byParis(thesonofPriam,kingofTroy)broughtabouttheTrojanWar.GreekContributionstotheWesternCivilizationandtheModernWorldGreeceisthecradleofWesterncivilization,theoriginofdramaandhistoryandphilosophy,andthebirthplaceofdemocracyaswell.ItishardtoimaginewhatcivilizedlifewouldbeliketodaywithouttheinfluenceofancientGreece.Thus,Greecehasmadeseverallonglastingcontributions,especiallyinclassicalart,drama,medicine,architecture,sports,mathematics,philosophy,andgovernment.TheGreekculturehashadaveryprofoundimpactonthewaypeoplelivenowadays.GreekclassicalartDiscusThrowerVenusdeMiloLaocoonandhissonsTheartsofancientGreecehaveexercisedanenormousinfluenceonthecultureofmanycountriesallovertheworld,particularlyintheareaofsculpture.IntheWest,theartoftheRomanEmpirewaslargelyderivedfromGreekmodels.IntheEast,AlexandertheGreat’sconquestsinitiatedseveralcenturiesofexchangebetweenGreek,CentralAsianandIndiancultures,resultinginGreco-Buddhistart.Wellintothe19thcentury,theclassicaltraditionderivedfromGreecedominatedtheartofthewesternworld.AncientGreekarchitectureisbestknownfromitstemples,manyofwhicharefoundthroughouttheregion,mostlyasruinsbutmanysubstantiallyintact.Parthenon(帕台农神殿)AncientGreekarchitectureThesecondimportanttypeofbuildingistheopen-airtheatre,withtheearliestdatingfromaround350BC.TheatreofDionysus(狄俄尼索斯圆形剧场)BeijingShanghaiZhejiangOtherarchitecturalformsaretheprocessionalgateway,thepublicsquaresurroundedbycolonnade,thetowncouncilbuilding,thepublicmonument,themonumentaltombandthestadium.thepublicmonumenttheprocessionalgatewayAncientGreekmedicineThemostimportantfigureinancientGreekmedicineisthephysicianHippocrates,knownasthe“FatherofMedicine”.HippocratesandhisstudentsdevelopedtheHippocraticOath(医学生誓词)forphysicians,stillinusetoday.TheGreekGalenwasoneofthegreatestsurgeonsoftheancientworldandperformedmanyaudaciousoperations—includingbrainandeyesurgeries.ThewritingsofHippocrates,Galen,andothershadalastinginfluenceonIslamicmedicineandMedievalEuropeanmedicine.Hippocrates(460BC-370BC),theFatherofModernMedicineAncientGreekdramaTheGreekswerethefirstpeopletowriteandperformplays,presentedtwiceayeartohonorthegodDionysus.TheancientGreekdramaisatheatricalculturethatflourishedinancientGreecebetween550and220BC.Thecity-stateofAthens,asignificantcultural,politicalandmilitarypowerduringthisperiod,wasitscentre.Tragedy(late6thcenturyBC),comedy(486BC),andthesatyrplay(羊人劇)werethethreedramaticgenrestoemergethere.Athensexportedthefestivaltoitsnumerouscoloniesandalliesinordertopromoteacommonculturalidentity.WesterntheatreoriginatedinAthensanditsdramahashadasignificantandsustainedimpactonWesterncultureasawhole.Aeschylus(525BC–456BC)•Firstofgreatwritersoftragedies•Aeschylus’s“Oresteia”(俄瑞斯忒亚)trilogyshowhowtheconsequencesofone’sdeedsarecarrieddownfromgenerationtogeneration.•Itsmoralisthatthelawofthecommunity,notpersonalrevenge,shoulddecidepunishment.2020/4/27John3:1614Sophocles(497BC–405BC)•Sophocles,thenextgeneration,acceptedhumansufferingasunavoidablebutstressedhumancourageandcompassion•His“OedipusRex”(俄狄甫斯)depictstheplightofOedipus,aking,whoisdoomedtokillhisfatherandmarryhismother.2020/4/27John3:1615Euripides(480BC–406BC)Euripides,thelastthethreegreatestGreektragedians,focusedonthehumancharacteristicsthatbringdisastertothemEuripideshatedwarandmanyofhisplaysshowthetragedythatwarbrings.2020/4/27John3:1616Aristophanes,themostfamouswriterofcomedies,createdimaginativesocialsatire.Elevenofhisfortyplayssurvivevirtuallycomplete.KnownastheFatherofComedyandthePrinceofAncientComedy,AristophaneshasbeensaidtorecreatethelifeofancientAthensmoreconvincinglythananyotherauthor.2020/4/27John3:1617Aristophanes(446BC–386BC)AncientGreeksportsTheGreekstookgamesofallkindsveryseriously,especiallyphysicalathleticcompetition.TheGreeksbelievedthattheirgodsparticularlylovedtoseestrong,fit,gracefulhumanbodies,especiallyboys’andmen’sbodies.Soonewaytogetonthegoodsideofthegodswastoexercise,toeatright,tooiltheskin,tocreateabeautifulbodythatthegodswouldlove.BecauseoftheGreektendencytoturneverythingintoacompetition,thisalsomeantthattherewerealotofathleticcompetitionsinGreece.ThemostfamousoftheseistheOlympicGames.AncientGreekphilosophyAncientGreekphilosophydealtwithawidevarietyofsubjects,includingpoliticalphilosophy,ethics,metaphysics(形而上学),ontology(本体论),logic,biology,rhetoric,andaesthetics.Greekph