翻译理论-复习

1.ImportantRoleofTranslationAsameansofcommunication,translationplaysanimportantroleinhumancivilization.Aproperandskillfultranslationhelpstopromotemutualunderstandingbetweenpeoplesofdifferentculturalandsocialbackgrounds,whereasamisunderstandingorimproperrenderingofwordsorexpressionsmayleadtoconfusionevendisasters.2.DefinitionofTranslationTheOxfordEnglishDictionary:toturnfromonelanguageintoanother(从一种语言转换成另一种语言)Webster’sthirdNewInternationalDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:toturnintoone’sownoranotherlanguage(转换成本族语或另一种语言)Thegeneralsubjectfieldorphenomenon.Theproduct,thetextthathasbeentranslated.Theprocessofproducingthetranslation,otherwiseknownastranslating.3.NatureoftranslationHowdoyouperceivetranslation?Somepeoplebelieveitisascience,otherstakeitasanart;andyetmanyconsideritacraft,orrather,askill.4.Whatistranslationgenerallyunderstood?Meetham&HudsonTranslationisthereplacementofarepresentationofatextinonelanguagebyarepresentationofanequivalenttextinasecondlanguage.(1972)BellTranslationistheexpressioninanotherlanguage(ortargetlanguage)ofwhathasbeenexpressedinanother,sourcelanguage,preservingsemanticandstylisticequivalences.(1991)5.ScopeofTranslationTranslationcoversaverybroadrange.1）Intermsoflanguages,itcanbedividedintotwocategories:fromnativelanguagesintoforeignlanguagesandviceversa;2)Intermsoflanguagesymbolsitcanbedividedinto[RomanJakobson]intralingualtranslation（语内翻译）：aninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofothersignsofthesamelanguage；[itoccurswhenweproducesummaryorotherwiserewriteatextinthesamelanguage,sayachildern’sversionofanencyclopedia.Itoccurswhenwerephraseanexpressioninthesamelanguage.]interlingualtranslation（语际翻译）：aninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsomeotherlanguage；[itoccursbetweentwodifferentverbalsignsystemsthathasbeenthetranditionalfocusoftranslationstudies.]intersemiotictranslation(符际翻译)：aninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsignsofnon-verbalsignsystems.[itoccurswhenawrittentextistranslatedintoadifferentmode,suchasfilmorpainting.]3)Intermsofthemode,itcanbedividedintooralinterpretation,writtentranslationandmachinetranslation;4)Intermsofmaterialstobetranslated,thereistranslationofscientificmaterials,translationofliteraryworkssuchasnovels,stories,prose,poetry,drama,etc.,translationofpoliticalessayssuchastreatisesonsocialproblems,reports,speeches,etc.,andtranslationofpracticalwritingsuchasofficialdocuments,contractsandagreements,notices,receipts,etc.;6.HistoryofTranslationIntheWest,translationcanbetracedbackto300BC,whileinChina,recordedtranslationactivitiesareevenearlier,datingfromtheZhouDynasty(1100BC).However,notuntilrecentcenturies,especiallybytheendofthe19thcenturydidsystematicstudyoftranslationgetunderway.Inthepastdecadestranslationtheoriesandactivitieshavedevelopedfastbothathomeandabroad.TheMajorStagesofTranslationinChina1、TranslationofBuddhistScriptures2、BeginningStage3、DevelopmentStage4、ClimaxStage7.Principles/CriteriaofTranslationTheso-calledprinciplesandcriteriaoftranslationareactuallythetwosidesofthesamething.Theformerlaysemphasisonthetranslator,whoshouldfollowtheseprincipleswhiletranslating;whilethelatteronthereaderorcritic,whomayusethecriteriatoevaluatetranslationworks.由于人们看待翻译的角度不同，自然有了不同的翻译标准概括起来，它们大体可分为以下四类：1.以译出语或译入语为取向的翻译原则thesource-language-orientedorthetarget-language-orientedtranslationprinciple2.以作者和读者为取向的翻译原则theauthor-and-reader-orientedtranslationprinciple3.以美学为取向的翻译原则theaesthetic-orientedtranslationprinciple4.以社会符号学为取向的原则thesociosemiotic-orientedtranslationprinciple中国的翻译原则WheneverPrinciples/CriteriaofTranslationareunderdiscussioninChina,YanFu’s“three-characterguide”,whichwasfirstproposedin1898,wouldbementioned.1.YanFu’s“threecharacterguide”:faithfulness,expressiveness,andelegance(信、达、雅).The“threecharacterguide”isregardedasaplumb-lineoflongstandingtomeasuretheprofessionalleveloftranslating.2.LiuZhongde:faithfulness,expressivenessandcloseness(信、达、切);3.FuLei’s(傅雷)spiritualconformity/resemblanceinspirit（神似)Emphasizingthereproductionofthespiritortheflavoroftheoriginal.强调原作神韵再现。4.QianZhongshu’ssublimedadaptation(化境)focusesonthetranslator’ssmoothandidiomaticChineseversionforthesakeoftheChinesereader.西方翻译原则1.亚历山大·泰特勒(AlexanderFraserTytler,1747-1814)的翻译三原则：Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.译文应完全复写出原作的思想Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal.译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.译文应和原作同样流畅2.EugeneNidaNida’smaincontributionintranslationtheoryisthedynamicequivalence理论来源：Chomsky_transformationalgenerativegrammar(动态对等)，anditisalsoknownasfunctionalequivalence(功能对等).Theoppositeapproachisformalequivalence(形式对等).Nidaadvocatesthetranslationapproachofdynamicequivalence.Hedistinguishestwotypesofequivalence:A.Formalequivalencefocusesattentiononthemessageitself,inbothformandcontent”withaimstoallowreaderstounderstandasmuchSLcontext(原文)aspossible...oneisconcernedthatthemessageinthereceptorlanguageshouldmatchascloselyaspossiblethedifferentelementsinthesourcelanguage.B.Dynamicequival