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BarbarianasaForeignLanguageAhistoryofEnglishinChinaBobAdamsonandJeffGilEarlyContactsTradeTributarySystemInvasionsMissionariesSettlers•Portuguese(Macau,1535)•Europeans(Canton,1759)1759-1860:TheSettlementsIsolationism:ForeignerslimitedtoShamianIslandorTreatyPortsForbiddentolearnChineseCompradoresor“linguists”asgo-betweens(pidginEnglish)Nowadaysthosefamiliarwithbarbarianaffairsarecalled“linguists”.Thesemenaregenerallyfrivolousrascalsandloafersinthecitiesandaredespisedintheirvillagesandcommunities...Theirnatureisboorish,theirknowledgeisshallow,andfurthermore,theirmoralprinciplesaremean.Theyknownothingexceptsensualpleasuresandmaterialprofit.Moreover,theirabilityconsistsofnothingmorethanaslightknowledgeofthebarbarianlanguageandoccasionalrecognitionofbarbariancharacters,whichislimitedtonamesofcommodities,numericalfigures,someslangexpressionsandalittlesimplegrammar.1861-1916:ForeignismandAnti-foreignismTongwenGuan(1862):to“learnthesuperiortechniquesofthebarbarianstocontrolthesamebarbarians”“IftodaywewishtoselectanduseWesternknowledge,weshouldestablishofficialtranslationofficesatCantonandShanghai.Brilliantstudentsuptofifteenyearsofageshouldbeselectedfromthoseareastoliveandstudyintheseschoolsondoublerations.Westernersshouldbeinvitedtoteachthemthespokenandwrittenlanguagesofthevariousnations,andfamousChineseteachersshouldalsobeengagedtoteachthemclassics,history,andothersubjects.Atthesametimetheyshouldlearnmathematics...IfwenowwishtoadoptWesternknowledge,naturallywecannotbutlearnmathematics.(FengGuifen,translatedbyTeng&Fairbank,1979,p51)1861-1916:ForeignismandAnti-foreignismMissionaryschools:Englishledtolucrativeposts(e.g.CustomsService)Self-Strengthening:HundredDaysReformAnti-ChristianmovementsBoxerRebellionHundredDaysReform•Traditionalschoolingabandoned•CivilServiceexaminationsabolished•Englishontheschoolcurriculum(PuYilearnsEnglish)1917-1923:TheIntellectualRevolutionWesternideasfordeep-rootedchange•Socialorganization•Science•Philosophy•Economics•Politics•EducationAlso:•Technology•TradeTheShanghaiFactor1920s-1940s•Centreforintellectualdebate•Multiculturalism•Philosophy&literati•JazzmusiciansandHollywoodstars•Fashion•“ParisoftheEast”1924-1948:Nationalism•Resistancetoculturalimperialism•CriticismofChineseadoptingEnglishnames•Forcesforrevolutionarychange•Englishfortradeanddiplomacy•EnglishforsocialadvancementEnglishandChina1759-1860TradeLegalresistanceVerylimitedaccess;lowstatus1861-1916Trade,technologyViolentresistanceLimitedaccess;lowstatus1917-1923Trade,technology,ideasLowresistanceGeneralaccess;highstatus1924-1948Trade,technology,ideasStrongnationalisticresistanceGeneralaccess;high(social)status1949-Trade,technology,cultureStrongpoliticalresistance,sometimeswithviolenceLimitedtogeneralaccess;lowtohighstatus1949onwards:Redvs.Expert•1949-60TheRussianYears•1960-65EnglishRenaissance•1966-76CulturalRevolution•1977-93Economicmodernization•1993-IntegratingwithglobalizationTheRussianYears,1949-60•Nationalistsocialconstruction•BorrowingfromUSSR—RussianandAlbanian•Mothertongueliteracy•Englishassociatedwithimperialism,capitalismandGuomindang•Accesstoscience&technology•Leadershipofnon-alignednations•IncreasingpoliticisationEnglish“renaissance”,1960-65•Reductionofpoliticisation•Increasedinteractionwithwesterncountries•ResentmentatUSforcesinVietnam•“Goldenage”ofEnglishpedagogy•BBCinBeijing•LinguaphoneGreatProletarianCulturalRevolution•Powerstruggles•Acceleratedcommunism•IsolatedChina•RejectionofImperial,Guomindang&Confucianvalues•SchoolsasfocusofrevolutionDetente,1972-77•PresidentNixon’svisit•Pingpongdiplomacy•Normalisationofschooling•Teachersreplaceworker-peasant-soldiers•ReductioninrevolutionarycontentinELTEconomicModernization,1978-1993•Reductioninpolitics(afterHuaGuofeng)•OpenDoorpolicy&FourModernisations•Westerncompanies•Foreignteachers•Extendedstability“Englishforinternationalstature”1993onwards(Lam,2002)•Developmentofculturalsoftpower•EngagementwithAfrica•APECmeetinginShanghai(2001)•WTO•BeijingOlympicGames•ShanghaiWorldExpoin2010Englishmania“…governmentsareencouragingtheircitizenstolearnEnglish,parentsarepersuading,evenforcing,theirchildrentospeakitandcollegestudentsaredoingEnglishattheexpenseoftheirmajors”.Jiang(2003)EnglishintheMedia•ChinaDaily,BeijingReview,ShanghaiStar,ShanghaiDaily,BeijingWeekend,People’sDaily(Englishversion)•CCTV9•ChinaRadioInternational•TangDynasty,BrainFailureEnglishinbusiness•Mainlyforcommunicationwithforeigners•BusinessnamesinEnglish:ChinaTelecom,ChinaMobile,BankofChina,AgriculturalBankofChinaandCommercialandIndustrialBankofChina•Tourism,Englishfor“gettingaround”,peddlers’EnglishEnglishandthelaw•BeijingjudgestrainedinEnglish•EnglishlanguageemergencyhotlinessetupbypoliceinNanjing,WuxiandSuzhouEnglishforjoking•SARSmeansSmileandRemainSmile•StartAbortRebootStart•SorryAndRepeatSorry(CitedinGil,2005)Englishinminorityareas•NowrequiredfromPrimary3onwards•Piecemealprovision•OftentaughtthroughPutonghua(L2)•Shortageoftrainedteachers•Non-supportivelinguisticenvironment•Lackofaccesstoprivatetuition,etc.•Periph