1问答与练习题答案1.数控机床启动后为什么要返回参考原点?答:在CNC机床上,设有特定的机械位置,在这个位置上交换刀具及设定坐标系,该位置称为参考点。数控机床启动后,只有回零后机床控制系统进行初始化,建立机床坐标系,即使机床运动坐标系X、Y、Z、A、B、C等显示为零,因此开机后必须返回参考点。2.数控机床的坐标系及其方向是如和确定的?答:(1)刀具相对零件运动的原则(2)标准坐标系采用右手直角笛卡儿坐标系(3)沿主轴轴线,刀具远离工件的运动方向为Z轴的正方向3.简述机床原点、机床参考点与编程原点之间的关系。答:(1)机床原点:现代数控机床都有一个基准位置,称为机床原点或机床绝对原点,是机床制造商设置在机床上的一个物理位置,其作用是使机床与控制系统同步,建立测量机床运动坐标的起始点。(2)机床参考点:在CNC机床上,设有特定的机械位置,它是机床制造商在机床上用行程开关设置的一个物理位置,与机床原点的相对位置是固定,在这个位置上交换刀具及设定坐标系。(3)编程原点:是编程人员在数控编程过程中定义在工件上的几何基准点。4.简述绝对坐标的编程与相对坐标编程的区别。答:(1)绝对坐标指刀具运动过程中所有的刀具位置的坐标值是以一个固定的程序原点为基准,即刀具运动的位置坐标是指刀具相对于程序原点的坐标。(2)相对坐标指刀具运动位置的坐标值是相对于前一位置来计算的增量。5.刀具补偿有何作用?答:刀具补偿作用:简化零件的数控加工编程,使数控程序与刀具半径和刀具长度尽量无关,编程人员按照零件的轮廓形状进行编程,在加工过程中,CNC系统根据零件的轮廓形状和使用的刀具数据进行自动计算,完成零件的加工。6、在90×90×10的有机玻璃板上铣一个“凹”形槽(铣至如下图所示尺寸),槽深2.5mm未注园角R4,铣刀直径为8。试编程。(编程坐标原点设在有机玻璃板的左下角,编程过程中不用刀具半径补偿功能。)2O0001;N0010G92X0Y0Z100.S1500.M03;N0020G00Z2.;N0030X24.Y24.;N0040G01Z-2.5F60.;N0050X66.;N0060Y27.;N0070X24.;N0080Y66.;N0090X66.;N0100Y63.;N0110X30.;N0120Y27.;N0130G00Z100.;N0140X0Y0N0150M02;7、用直径为6铣刀铣出下图所示的三个字母,试编程。(编程坐标原点设在平板的左下角,编程过程中不用刀具半径补偿功能。)O0002;N0010G92X0Y0Z100.S1500.M03;3N0020G00Z2.;N0030X15.Y35.;N0040G01Z-2.F60.;N0050X45.;N0060G03X45.Y55.I0J10.;N0070G01X15.;N0080Y15.;N0090X45.;N0100G03X45.Y35.I0J10.;N0110G00Z2.;N0120X110.Y35.;N0130G01Z-2.F60.;N0140G03X110.Y35.I-20.J0;N0150G00Z2.;N0160X125.Y25.;N0170G01Z-2.F60.;N0180G03X135.Y15.I10.J0;N0190G01X155.;N0200G03X155.Y35.I0J10.;N0210G01X135.;N0220G02X135.Y55.I0J10.;N0230G01X155.;N0240G02X165.Y45.I0J-10.;N0250G00Z100.;N0260X0Y0;N0270M02;8、如下图所示,精加工五边形外轮廓与园柱内轮廓,每次切深不超3mm,刀具直径为8,用刀具半径补偿和循环指令编程。(P237第9题)(编程坐标原点设在零件的中心,编程指令采用天津三英数控机床指令)P0005;4N0010G92X0Y0Z100S1500M03N0020G00Z2N0030X-80Y-55N0040G42G01X-29.06Y-40D01F50N0050G25N0060.0110.2N0060G91G01Z-3F60N0070X58.12N0080X17.96Y55.28N0090X-47.02Y34.16N0100X-47.02Y-34.16N0110X17.96Y-55.28N0120G90G00Z2N0130X25Y0N0140G25N0150.0160N0150G91G01Z-3F60N0160G03X0Y0I-25J0N0170G90G00Z3N0180G40G00X0Y0N0190G00Z100N0200M029、在孔加工循环中G98和G99有何区别?G98:孔加工循环结束后刀具是返回起始点B;G99:孔加工循环结束后刀具是返回参考平面R。10、如下图所示为一个较为复杂的平面零件,材料为CY12,试编程写其数控加工程序,要求如下:(P237第10题)(1)定加工方案;(2)选择刀具;(3)采用镜像加工简化编程(编程坐标原点设在零件的中心,编程指令采用FANUC铣削数控系统)解:刀具的选择:5T01:14铣刀加工四个槽T02:14钻头加工四个14的孔T03:18钻头加工18的孔T04:33钻头加工33的孔T05:10铣刀加工加工其它部分加工方案:钻头钻孔铣刀铣槽加工加工其它部分(镜像加工)主程序O0006;N0010G92X0Y0Z100.0;N0020S500M03T02;N0030G91G00Z-90.0;N0040G98G81X70.0Y40.0Z-24.0R-5.0F150;N0050X-140.0;N0060Y-80.0;N0070X140;N0080G80G90X0Y0;N0090G00Z100.0M05;N0100S500M03T03;N0110G00Z50.0;N0120G98G81Z-14.0R5.0F150;N0130G80Z100.0M05;N0140S500M03T04;N0150G00Z50.0;N0160G98G81Z-9.0R5.0F150;N0170G80Z100.0M05;N0180S800M03T01;N0190G00Z2.0;N0200X0Y60.0;N0210G01Z-4.0F60.0;N0220Y28.0;6N0230G00Z2;N0240X-60.0Y0;N0250G01Z-4.0F60.0;N0260X-28.0;N0270G00Z2;N0280X0Y-60.0;N0290G01Z-4.0F60.0;N0300Y-28.0;N0310G00Z2;N0320X.60.0Y0;N0330G01Z-4.0F60.0;N0340X28.0;N0350G00Z100.0;N0360X0Y0M05;N0370S800M03T05;N0380G00Z2.0;N0390X4.0Y4.0;N0400G01Z-14.0F60.0;N0410Y-4.0;N0420X-4.0;N0430Y4.0;N0440X4.0;N0450G00Z2.0;N0460X60.0Y0;N0470M98P100;N0480G24X0;N0490M98P100;N0500G24X0Y0;N0510M98P100;N0520G25;7N0530G24Y0;N0540M98P100;N0550G25;N0560G00Z100;N0570M05;N0580M02;子程序O100N0010G42G01X47.4868Y7.0D01N0020G01Z-4.0F100.0N0030G03X43.7562Y19.7332R48.0N0040G02X19.7332Y43.7562R39.0N0050G03X7.0Y47.4868R48.0N0055G01G40X0Y60.0N0060G00Z2.0N0070X70.0Y40.0N0080G01Z-6.0F60.0N0085G01G41X80.0Y40.0D01N0090G03X80.0Y40.0I-10.0J0N0095G01G40X70.0Y40.0N0100G00Z2.0N0110X0Y0N0120M99