电动汽车Electric Vehicles

ElectricVehicles电动汽车ElectricVehicles电动汽车发展简史优越性挑战与机遇要求EV’sToday1968–GreatElectricCarRaceTrans-continentalracebetweenMITandCaltech53chargingstations,spaced60miapartMIT’scarused$20kofNiCdbatteries($122kin2008dollars),CalTech’scost$6001970-CleanAirCarRace50+carsracedfromMITtoCaltechusingmanyalternativepowertrainsCalTech–RegenerativebrakingBostonElectricCarClub–BatterySwappingTorontoUniversity–ParallelhybriddesignverysimilartomodernPriusarchitectureMIT–SerieshybridandelectricallycommutatedmotorSources:see’s–EV1:WhoKilledtheElectricCar?Programcost$1bn800unitsleased$574/mo.Leasewithoutstaterebates2seats80-140mi.rangeMSRP$33,999RealPricetag(estimated)$80,000+GM’sactualcostpervehicleleased$1,250,000Source::Wouldyouhaveboughtit?REALLY?WhatisanEV?什么是电动汽车Andhowdoesitwork?它是如何工作的？ElectrificationMotor/GeneratorBatteryFuelTransmissionEngineFuelTransmissionEngineBatteryTransmissionMotor/GeneratorBatteryElectric电池驱动Hybrid混合动力Conventional传统的DegreesofHybridization混合程度Thevehicleisa….Ifit…Automaticallystops/startstheengineinstop-and-gotrafficUsesregenerativebraking（再生制动）andoperatesabove60voltsUsesanelectricmotortoassistacombustionengine（内燃机）CandriveattimesusingonlytheelectricmotorRechargesbatteriesfromawalloutletforextendedall-electricrange（延程）Source:ënC3MildHybridHondaInsightPlug-inHybridChevyVoltFullHybridToyotaPriusEfficiency性能EnergyLoss:CityDrivingEngineLoss76%EngineStandby（待命）8%DrivelineLosses3%Driveline动力传动系统Aero3%Rolling4%Braking6%FuelTank100%16%13%POWERTRAINVEHICLE-RelatedUrbanDriveCycleEnergyBalance20053LToyotaCamryEnergyLoss:HighwayDrivingEngineLoss77%EngineStandby0%DrivelineLosses4%DrivelineAero10%Rolling7%Braking2%FuelTank:100%23%19%POWERTRAINVEHICLE-RelatedHighwayDriveCycleEnergyBalance20053LToyotaCamry•Caneliminateengineentirely•Enginedownsizing•DecouplingofengineandwheelEnergySaving:HybridSystemsEngineLoss76%EngineStandby8%DrivelineLosses3%DrivelineAero3%Rolling4%Braking6%FuelTank:100%16%13%MicroHybridEliminates（消除）MildHybridReducesPlug-inFullHybridReducesEnergyLoss:CityDriving–ElectricVehicleMotorLoss10%MotorDrivelineLosses14%DrivelineAero29%Rolling35%Braking11%Batteries100%90%76%POWERTRAINVEHICLE-RelatedUrbanDriveCycleEnergyBalanceWell-to-WheelsEfficiencyGeneration33%Transmission94%Plug-to-Wheels76%Refining精炼82%Transmission98%Pump-to-Wheels16%23%13%31%80%Well-to-TankTank-to-Wheels31%76%=23%80%16%=13%[]]Source:’sWorkAll-electricrangeGethomewithexactlynobatteryleftCharge-sustainingmode[Tate,Harpster,andSavagian2008]TechnicalWhatisanEPArating?ConditionsDrivecycle:e.g.cityorhighwaycycle,real-world,orconstantspeedTesttemperatureStart:(warmorcold)Fuel:converttogasoline-equivalentTestmass:(accountsforpassengersandcargo)MPGeratingPHEV’sTerminologyStateofcharge(SOC)Batterycapacity,expressedasapercentageofmaximumcapacityDepthofDischarge(DOD)ThepercentageofbatterycapacitythathasbeendischargedCapacityThetotalAmp-hours(Amp-hr)availablewhenthebatteryisdischargedataspecificcurrent(specifiedasaC-rate)from100%SOCEnergyThetotalWatt-hours(Wh)availablewhenthebatteryisdischargedataspecificcurrent(specifiedasaC-rate)from100%SOCSpecificEnergy(Wh/kg)ThetotalWatt-hours(Wh)perunitmassSpecificPowerMaximumpower(Watts)thatthebatterycanprovideperunitmass,functionofinternalresistanceofbatteryBenefits优点BenefitsofEVsandPHEVsMoreefficient,lowerfuelcosts,loweremissions（低排放）Simplertransmission,fewermovingpartsFuelChoiceOil/energyindependenceEmissionsimprovewithtimeEmissionsatfewlargelocationsiseasiertocontrolthanmillionsoftailpipesV2G(VehicletoGrid)TechnologyAllowscommunicationbetweenutilityandvehicleAllowintegrationofmorerenewableslikewindUsedEVbatteriescouldbeusedasstationarybatteriesforutilitiesWithsomuchfocusonenergyefficiencyreducingelectricitysalesandexpensiverenewableenergygenerationmandated,EVscouldbeawelcomenewsegmentforutilitiesTheycouldstillbeanightmareBatteriescouldprovideancillaryservicesSource:McKinseyNight-timeCharging0500010000150002000025000300007:12AM12:00PM4:48PM9:36PM2:24AM7:12AM12:00PMMWDemand.PeakwindpowerproductionElectricitySourcesPowerGridCapacitySource:McKinsey,MikeKhusidWhenBEV’srepresent20%ofthevehiclemarket,theycompriseonly2%ofthepowermarketOperatingCostsOn-boardenergyconsumption300Wh/mileChargingEfficiency90%Electricityconsumption333Wh/mileElectricityCost10cents/mileDrivingCost(electricityonly)3.3cents/mileFueleconomy25MPGFuelCost$2.00/gallonDrivingCost(fuelonly)8.0cents/mileConventionalGasolineVehicleBatteryElectricVehicleAt15,000miles/year,youwouldsave$700/yearonfuelTheestimatedpricerangeforadvancedbatteriesis$500-$1,000perkWh~buying1kWhofbatteryenergy(~3milesofelectricrange)eachyearCO2EmissionsBiofuelsvs.Biomass,SolarBiomassElectricityabout80%moreefficientthanBiofuelSolarPanelstochargeacarwouldfitonyourroof.ChallengesWhydon