上海市主要饮用水源地水重金属健康风险初步评价

,3,,,,,200062:(),.,Cr,As,CdCrAsCdAsCrCd,10-710-5a-1,CrAs(110-6a-1),(ICRP)(USEPA)(510-5110-4a-1),;Pb,Cu,Zn,HgPbCuZnHgHgCuPbZn,10-1210-10a-1..:;;;:X522,X524:A:1001-6929(2009)01-0060-06HealthRiskAssessmentofHeavyMetalsinDrinkingWaterSourcesinShanghai,ChinaSUNChao,CHENZhen2lou,ZHANGCui,SHIGui2tao,BIChun2juanKeyLaboratoryofGeographicInformationScienceofMinistryofEducation,EastChinaNormalUniversity,Shanghai200062,ChinaAbstract:TheconcentrationsofCr,As,Cd,Pb,Cu,ZnandHginthemaindrinkingwatersourcesofShanghai(theupper2reachareasoftheHuangpuRiverandChenghangReservoir)werestudied.Healthrisksassociatedwiththeseheavymetalsindrinkingwaterwereassessedprimarilybyhealthriskassessmentmodels.Theresultsindicatedthatamongthehealthriskscausedbycarcinogensindrinkingwater,therankingoftheaveragehealthrisksintheupper2reachareasoftheHuangpuRiverwasCrAsCd,whileintheChenghangReservoirtherankingwasAsCrCd,andtherisklevelsrangedfrom10-7to10-5.TheriskvaluesofCrandAswerehigherthanthemaximumallowancelevelsrecommendedbysomeorganizationsandresearchers(110-6a-1),butwerelowerthanthemaximumallowancelevelsrecommendedbyICRP(510-5a-1)andbyUSEPA(110-4a-1).Therefore,CrandAswereregardedasthemaincarcinogenicelementsindrinkingwatersourcesofShanghai.Amongthenon2carcinogenicrisksindrinkingwater,therankingoftheaveragehealthrisksintheupper2reachareasoftheHuangpuRiverandChenghangReservoirwerePbCuZnHgandHgCuPbZn,respectively,andtherisklevelsrangedfrom10-12to10-10.Thehealthriskscausedbythecarcinogensweresignificantlyhigherthanthenon2carcinogenicrisksinthedrinkingwater.Keywords:Shanghai;heavymetals;drinkingwatersource;healthrisk:2008-03-31:2008-04-16:(2008ZX07317-006);(40730526,40701164);(07DZ12037):(1985-),,,,[e-mail].3,(1964-),,,,,,,[e-mail],,(Hg)(Cd)(Pb),Hg[1];Cd[1],;Pb[1],.(As)[2],(Cu)(Zn)(Cr),.Cu,,Wilson;Zn;Cr22120091ResearchofEnvironmentalSciencesVol.22,No.1Jan.,2009[3].,--,.,,.(),,.11.1,1515,1140mm..,11,,11314km,214104km2.1058km2,414%,4814%4712%,80%[4].,.1.22006711(1),H1,H10,;4,.,,0145m,pH2,.1.3-(Hg);-(As),AFS-930;(Cd)PerkinElmerAANALYST800;(Pb),(Cu),(Zn)(Cr)ThermoFinniganMATElement2(ICP-MS).,,,CrRSD10%,Cr15%,.1Fig.1Sketchmapshowingthelocationofsamplingpoints22080,[5].1983,:,,161:-[6],,.2090,[7],[8210].,[5][11][12][13][14][15]..2:,;[425].,(USEPA).2.1[16217],:Ric=[1-exp(-Diqi)]P70(1),Rici,a-1;Dii,mgP(kgd);qi,mgP(kgd);70,a.Rin=(DiPRfDi)10-6P70(2),Rini,a-1;Dii,mgP(kgd);RfDii,mgP(kgd);70,a.(Di):Di=212CiP70,Ci;212,L.2.2,Cd,AsCr;Hg,Cu,ZnPb.(IARC)(WHO),1.1qiRfDiTable1ThevaluesofmodelparametersqiandRfDiqiPmgP(kgd)RfDiPmg(kgd)Cd611Pb11410-3As15Hg310-4Cr41Zn013Cu510-32.110-6110-4a-1,110-8110-7a-1.2[16]Table2ThemaximalacceptantlevelandneglectablelevelforsomeorganizationsPa-1Pa-1110-6110-6110-8110-6110-7(USEPA)[17]110-4(ICRP)[18]510-533.13.3,(Cr),(As),(Cd),(Cu)(Pb),(Zn),(Hg),:(Hg),,20,Hg[19],,,,Hg,,;,,,,[20],,26223Table3MassconcentrationsofheavymetalsinHuangpuRiverandChenhangReservoirP(gPL)CrAsCdCuHgPbZn01980160901159416501041117272132317751085014668135012734117286173117721219012226161011442194189156010831081011251120011390104017001144193901146115201179010811420112317670113511350116401061105,Hg.3.2(1),Cr,AsCd118010-5619210-5,014110-5314210-5413510-71217610-7a-1,312510-5,114910-5610710-7a-1(2),9118%Cr,As,10-5,Cd2,10-7.Cr,AsCd011510-5012610-5,210710-5313210-5314210-7410010-7a-1,012210-5,215310-5316810-7a-1;2,AsCrCd,As,CrCd.,CrAs,.[13],AsCd,10-6a-1,;[14],3Cr6+AsCd,615310-5a-1,417610-5a-1;710-510-4[15];,AsCd[7].,,AsCd,(As)(Cd),As15mgP(kgd),Cd611mgP(kgd),AsCd.10-710-5a-1,CrAs2110-6a-1,ICRPUSEPA(510-5110-4a-1).2Cr,AsCdFig.2HealthriskcausedbyCr,AsandCdthroughdrinkingwater3.3(2),Pb,Cu,ZnHg515210-101313710-10,411810-10715010-10,110810-10412910-10016110-10410810-10a-1361:(3),6316%PbCuZnHg,3614%PbCuHgZn;Pb,Cu,ZnHg914310-10,519410-10,218410-10211610-10a-1,PbCuZnHg.Pb,Cu,ZnHg011310-10012610-10,110810-10113610-10,110510-12211310-12210810-10216710-10a-1,011910-10,112110-10,115710-12214610-10a-1,HgCuPbZn.Hg,Pb,CuZn.:HgCu10-810-9a-1[13];[14],HgPb10-1310-10a-1;7HgPb10-1110-10[15],,2Hg,Pb.1113810-102610210-10315210-10410310-10a-1,,2.,,105107,,[13215].,3Cu,Zn,PbHgFig.3HealthriskcausedbyCu,Zn,PbandHgthroughdrinkingwater,,:,,;,.,,,,()(),;,[13],;,70,,.,.4a.(Cr),(As),(Cd),(Cu)(Pb)(GB38382002).(Zn),(Hg),Hg.b.Cr,AsCd,9118%Cr,As;AsCrCd,As,CrCd.Pb,Cu,ZnHg,6316%PbCuZnHg,3614%PbCuHgZn;HgCuPbZn,Hg,Pb,CuZn.,4622105107.(References):[1],.(EDCs)[J].,2004,11(3):7210.[2]SWAINEDJ.Whytraceelementsareimportant[J].FuelProcessingTechnology,2000,65P66:21223.[3],,.[J].,2004(1):72273.[4].[J].,2004,20(12):1042106.[5],.[J].,1995,17(5):9212.[6]U.S.NationalResearchCouncil.Riskassessmentinthefederalgovernment:managingtheprocess[M].WashingtonDC:NationalAcademyPress,1983.[7],,,.[J].,2006,6(2):2215.[8],.[J].,2003,9(3):2662272.[9],,.[M].:,2000.[10],.[J].,2007,20(3):1522157.[11],,,.[J].,1997,15(4):28232.[12],,.[J].,1999,27(3):75276.[13],,,.[J].,2004,25(2):47250.[14],,,.[J].,2004,8:90293.[15],,,.[J].,2006,13(3):1622167.[16].[D].:,2007:141.[17]USEPA.Su