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考博英语语法基础知识一、倒装（一）全部倒装1.“There(Here)+be+主语”Therestandbigbuildingsinthisdistrict.Hereonthedeskliesapileofbooks.2.单个副词(in,out,now,up,down,away,off,then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如itblewup.)Incametheboss./Aheadsatanoldman.3.介词短语作状语位于句首Inthemiddleoftheroomstoodthenaughtyboy.4.表语位于句首Especiallyremarkablewashisflatnose.Notfarfromhereisafamousuniversity.5.so,nor,neither,nomore位于句首,代表前文Shewasn’tangry,andneitherwasI.Peterdoesn’tlikepopmusic.Nomoredoeshisbrother.6.分词短语位于句首（分词+be+主语）Goneforeverwerethedaysthatwedependedonforeignoil.（二）部分倒装1.疑问句2.否定副词(seldom,rarely,scarcely,hardly,little,never,few,notuntil,notonly)位于句首（作形容词时例外）NeverdidJohnspeakrudelytohisparents.3.“only+状语”位于句首（主句变为倒装）Onlywhenhecomesbackcanbeleave.4.“hardly…when”,“scarcely…when”,“nosooner…than”,“notonly…(butalso)”位于句首Nosoonerhadhegotintotheclassroomthantheclassbegan.5.not,no组成的词组位于句首(innoway,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount…)Bynomeansshouldyoubreaktherules.Atnotimeshouldwegiveintodifficulties.6.虚拟倒装(had,were,should放到句首)7.“形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词”Smallthoughtheroomis,itcanholdmorethantwentypeople.Searchastheywould,theycouldfindnothinginthehouse.真题剖析(2000)Fasterthaneverbefore,thehumanworldisbecominganurbanworld.Bythemillionstheycome,theambitiousandthedown-troddenoftheworlddrawnbythestrangemagnetismofurban46.46.A.wayB.lifeC.areaD.people二、限定词的用法1.Both,each,either,neither(只指两个)2.All,every,each,some,any,no(指两个以上)3.Some,any,more,(the)most,all,alot,lots,enough,none(复数可数或不可数)4.Much,(a)little,agood/greatdeal,less,(the)least(不可数)eg.“Gotanymoney?”“Noneatall.”eg.“Doeseithersideofthisstreetgetmoresunthattheother?”“No,neithersideissunnierthantheother.”从句为考察重点(1999)…Theanswersgivenby200womentothoseintimateopen-endedquestionsmademerealizethat51waswrongcouldnotberelatedtoeducationinthewayitwasthenbelievedtobe.…51.A.whichB.whatC.itD.that(1998)Theylearnedto51theirfarminghabitstotheclimateandsoil.52theyselectedthefourthThursdayofNovemberfortheirThanksgiving53,theyinvitedtheirneighbors,…52.A.WhileB.WhenC.SoD.If(1993)IntheUnitedStatesacommentatorremarkedthat45Japanapparentlystillusedsome“primitivetools”,46aJapanesecommentatorexpressedastonishmentthattheAmericanpenswrotesopoorlytheycouldsafelybeusedonlyonceandthendiscarded.46.A.thoughB.whenC.whileD.andthatomittingthesubjectRatherformaluse让步状语从句以although,though,while,orwhilst开头时通常与主句共享主语,从句谓语用分词形式。Whilsthelikedcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse.Whilstlikingcats,heneverletthemcomeintohishouse.Boththejournalists,thoughgreetedasheroesontheirreturnfromprison,notlongafterwardsquietlydisappearedfromtheirnewspapers.这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如：Itwasanunequalmarriage,althoughastableandlong-lastingone.Thoughnotveryattractivephysically,shepossessedasenseofhumour.WHILE1.HestayedwithmewhileDadtalkedwithDr.Smith.2.IoftenknitwhilewatchingTV.3.WhileIhavesomesympathyforthesefellows,Ithinktheywenttoofar.AND1.oftenusedtolinkclausesIcameherein1922andIhavelivehereeversince.2.Whenyouaregivingadviceorawarning,youcanuse“and”tosaywhatwillhappenifsomethingisdone.Gobytrainandyou’llgettherequicker.Doasyou’retoldandyou’llbeallright.WHERE1.Shewasstandingexactlywhereyouarestandingnow.2.In1963wemovedtoBoston,wheremygrandparentslived.3.Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.4.Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisiswhereIdisagree.5.Now,wherewerewe?Ohyes,weweretalkingaboutJohn.6.Whereothersmighthavebeensatisfied,Dawsonhadhigherambitions.(difference)WHICH(本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)1.定语从句引导词Didyouseetheletterwhichcametoday?NowtheyweredrivingbythehouseswhichAndyhaddescribed.2.分割句子，补充说明Thehouse,whichwascompletedin1856,wasfamousforitshugemarblestaircase.Hewaseducatedatthelocalgrammarschool,afterwhichhewentontoCambridge.Shemayhavemissedthetrain,inwhichcaseshewon'tarriveforanotherhour.THAT多用于同位语从句和－thing的定语从句中。WHAT(有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句)1.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappened.2.Itisnotcleartowhatextenttheseviewswereshared.3.Icouldgetyouajobhereifthat'swhatyouwant.4.Whatthatkidneedsissomeloveandaffection.5.WhatmattersistheBritishpeopleandBritishjobs.AS1.比较Hislastalbumsoldhalfamillioncopiesandwehopethisonewillbejustaspopular./Theywantpeaceasmuchaswedo.2.作为，正如…We'dbetterleavethingsastheyareuntilthepolicearrive.David,asyouknow,hasnotbeenwelllately.3.看作，看待Theresultoflastweek'selectionwillbeseenasavictory.4.当…时候=whileorwhenIsawPeterasIwasgettingoffthebus.5.原因Asitwasgettinglate,Iturnedaroundtostartforhome.6.让步=thoughTryasshemight,Suecouldn'tgetthedooropen.Thebaghasnarrowstraps,soitmaybewornovertheshoulderorcarriedinthehand.I'dbeintroubleifIleton.SoIkeptmum.Whenthemealwasfinished,Rachelwashedupandmadecoffee.IwouldhavelikedtohavelearntFrench,butIwasdenied(=notgiven)theopportunity.Theopportunitywasdenied(to)meatschool.Theprestigeisdenied(to)theclassroomteacher.Theclassroomteacherisdeniedtheprestige.过去分词与形容词的语义差：1.Destructive:causingdamagetopeopleorthingsthedestructivepowerofmodernweaponsDamaged:beinginabadstateemotionallydamagedchildren2.Respected:admiredbymanybecauseofachievementsHe'soneofthemostrespectedmanagersinthegame.Respectful:feelingorshowingres