Nomenclature-of-Inorganic-Compounds

NOMENCLATURENomenclatureofInorganicCompoundsNomenclatureofOrganicCompoundsNomenclatureofInorganicCompounds1.1CommonorTrivialNames1.2Elements1.3BinaryCompounds1.4TernaryCompoundsChemicalnomenclatureisthesystemofnamesthatchemistsusetoidentifycompounds.Beforechemistrywassystematized,asubstancewasgivenanamethatgenerallyassociateditwithoneofitsoutstandingphysicalorchemicalproperties.1.1CommonorTrivialNames1.1CommonorTrivialNamesExample1.Nitrousoxide,N2O,hasbeencalled“laughinggas”becauseitinduceslaughterwheninhaled.Example2.CaOiscalled“lime”not“calciumoxide”Nonsystematicnamesarecalledcommon,ortrivialnames.1.2Elements“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。PeriodicTableGroupPeriodAlkalimetalAlkalineearthmetalTransitionmetalOther(poor)metalNon-metal:HalogenandChalcogenNobleGasRareEarthmetal:Sc,Y,LnThesystematicmethodofnaminginorganiccompoundsconsidersthecompoundtobecomposedoftwoparts,onepositiveandonenegative.Thepositivepartisnamedandwrittenfirst.Thenegativepartgenerallynonmetallic,isnamedsecond.化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。1.Namingmetalions(cations)formetaloxides,basesandsalts1）.SinglevalenceionsCation’sname=Elementforexample:Na+SodiumAl3+AluminumK+PotassiumCa2+Calcium2）.MultivalenceionsCation’sname=Element(N)Forexample:Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrousFe3+Iron(III)orFerricCr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。Inclassicalnomenclature,whenonlytwoionscanbeformedfromagivenmetal,an-ousendingisgiventotheLatinnameofthemetalforthelowercharged(lesspositive)ionandand-icendingisgivenforthehigherchargedion.Fe2+istheferrousionoriron(II)ionFe3+istheferricionoriron(III)ionCu1+isthecuprousionorcopper(I)ionCu2+isthecupricionorcopper(II)ionPb2+istheplumbousionorlead(II)ionPb4+istheplumbicionorlead(IV)ionSn2+isthestannousionortin(II)ionSn4+isthestannicionortin(IV)ionNotice:Theous-icsystemdoesnotindicatetheoxidationstateofanelementbutmerelythatatleasttwooxidationstatesexist.TheStockSystemclearlyindicatestheoxidationnumberandavoidstheuncertaintyoftheoxidationnumbersforousandiccompounds.2.Namingnonmetalions(anions)1）.MonatomicanionsAnion’sname=Element’sroot-ideForexample:Cl-ChlorideO=OxideBr-BromideOH-HydroxideI-IodideCN-CyanideS=SulfideElementStemoxygenoxchlorinechlorcarboncarbiodineiodbrominebromhydrogenhydrnitrogennitrphosphorusphosphfluorinefluorsulfursulforsulfurStemsofthemorecommonnonmetalsareshowninthefollowingtable.2）.Polyatomicoxynions(1).Acidradicalsfornormalsalt(正酸根-ate)Anion’sname=CentralElement’sroot-ateforexample:ClO3-ChlorateIO3-IodatePO43-PhosphateNO3-NitrateSO42-SulfateCO32-Carbonate(2).Acidradicalsformeta-salts(亚酸根-ite)Anion’sname=Centralelement’sroot-iteforexample:ClO2-ChloriteIO2-IoditePO33-PhosphiteNO2-NitriteSO32-Sulfite(3).Acidradicalsforhypo-salts(次酸根-ite)Anion’sname=Hypo-Centralelement’sroot-iteforexample:ClO-HypochloriteIO-HypoioditePO23-Hypophosphite(4).Acidradicalsforpersalts(高酸根Per-ate)Anion’sname=Per-centralElement’sroot-ateforexample:ClO4-PerchlorateIO4-PeriodateMnO4-Permanganate1.3BinaryCompoundsBinarycompoundscontainonlytwodifferentelements.Theirnamesconsistoftwoparts,thenameofthemoreelectropositiveelementfollowedbythenameoftheelectronegativeelement,whichismodifiedtoendin–ide.表示原子个数时使用前缀但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。1.MetaloxideMetaloxide=Cation+oxideforexample:FeOIron(II)oxide(Ferrousoxide)Fe2O3Iron(III)oxide(Ferricoxide)Fe3O4FerroferricoxidePb3O4TrileadtetroxideNa2O2Sodiumperoxide2.NonmetaloxideNonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxideforexample:COCarbonmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideSO3SulfurtrioxideN2O3DinitrogentrioxideP2O5DiphosphoruspentoxideN2O4Dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)ExamplesExamplesofthistypeofnamingare:Cl2OiscalleddichlorinemonoxideNF3nitrogentrifluorideN2O4dinitrogentetroxide(Note:droppedan'a')P4S10tetraphosphorusdecasulfide3.OtherBinaryCompoundsThechemicalnameiscomposedofthenameofthemetal,whichiswrittenfirst,followedbythenameofthenonmetal,whichhasbeenmodifiedtoanidentifyingstemtowhichisaddedthesuffix-ideForexample1.NaCl2Itcomposedofsodiumandchlorine.Themetalusetheelementname,soitis“sodium”;thenonmetalpartusethestemofchlorine,soit’s“chlor-”;thenisanend“-ide”.SoitissodiumchlorideStemsofthemorecommonnonmetalsareshowninthefollowingtable.(Table1)ElementStemoxygenoxchlorinechlorcarboncarbiodineiodbrominebromhydrogenhydrnitrogennitrphosphorusphosphfluorinefluorsulfursulforsulfurTable1Compoundsmaycontainmorethanoneatomofthesameelement,thenamefollowstheruleforbinarycompounds.ExamplesCaBr2---CalciumBromideMg2N2---MagnesiumnitrideQuestion1:GivenamesFormulaName(????)MgBr2Na2OCaC2AlCl3LiIAnswer1FormulaNameMgBr2MagnesiumbromideNa2OSodiumoxideCaC2CalciumcarbideAlCl3AluminumchlorideLiILithiumiodide4.非金属氢化物除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。（1）对于卤族和氧族氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2Sehydrogenselenide（2）对于其它族的非金属氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加-in