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Chapter2Translatability&Untranslatability1.Manypeoplesleeplateatweekends.2.Therearebooksandbooks.3.IamgonnaleaveChinaforgood.4.Afrienddoesnotbetrayconfidences.1.周末许多人睡懒觉（起得晚）。2.书跟书不一样，有好书，也有坏书。3.我要永远离开中国啦。4.朋友是不会泄露秘密的。Contents(Un)translatability1.onphoneticlevel2.onlexical&grammaticallevel3.onrhetoricallevel4.onculturalaspects1.Phoneticlevel•1.1Humor•---Whatkeysaretoobigtocarryinyourpocket?---Adonkey,amonkey,andaturkey.•---Whyareyouneverhungrywhenyouplayonabeach?---Becauseofthesandwhichisthere.1.2绕口令(tonguetwister)•Englishtonguetwister:–IsawEsausawingwood,–AndEsausawIsawhim;–ThoughEsausawIsawhimsaw;–StillEsauwentonsawing.Chinesetonguetwister:•1.初入江湖：化肥会挥发•2、小有名气：黑化肥发灰，灰化肥发黑•3、名动一方：黑化肥发灰会挥发；灰化肥挥发会发黑•4、天下闻名：黑化肥挥发发灰会花飞；灰化肥挥发发黑会飞花•5、一代宗师：黑灰化肥会挥发发灰黑讳为花飞；灰黑化肥会挥发发黑灰为讳飞花•6、超凡入圣：黑灰化肥灰会挥发发灰黑讳为黑灰花会飞；灰黑化肥会会挥发发黑灰为讳飞花化为灰•7、天外飞仙：黑化黑灰化肥灰会挥发发灰黑讳为黑灰花会回飞；灰化灰黑化肥会挥发发黑灰为讳飞花回化为灰1.3汉语诗词里的谐音homophone我失骄杨君失柳，杨柳轻扬、直上重霄九。•IlostmyproudPoplarandyouyourWillow.Aspoplarandwillowtheysoarstraightupintotheninthheaven.杨开慧死后，毛泽东给故人柳直荀的遗孀李淑一回信时，写下了《蝶恋花·答李淑一》，第一句就是“我失骄杨君失柳”。李淑一是杨开慧的好友，她的丈夫柳直荀于一九三三年在湖北洪湖战役中牺牲。这里的“骄杨“就是指杨开慧，而“柳”则指柳直荀，既表示痛失知己，也表达了失去战友的哀悼之情。•东边日出西边雨，道是无晴却有晴。（刘禹锡《竹枝词》）•It’ssunnyintheeastbutinthewestit’sraininghard.•Whetherrainorsunshine,he’sthesunshineinmyheart.•---“That’swhatIthochtmeself,m’lady.”•---“Yes,”saidLadyCoot.“Yes,certainly.”•---“Ithochtyou’dgree,m’lady,”saidMacDonald.•---“Oh,certainly,”saidLadyCootagain.•---“我就是这么乡的，乎人。”•---“是的”库特夫人接道。“当然是真的。”•---“我乡您费同意，乎人，”麦克唐纳说。•---“噢，当然！”库特夫人又说道。1.4non-standardwordsinliteraryworks---Whatmakesaroadbroad?---Theletter“B”.---Whydoyouthrowthebutteroutofthewindow?---BecauseIwanttoseebutterfly.2.lexical/grammaticallevel2.1析字•口十心思，思乡思友思父母；•言身寸謝，謝天謝地謝君王。•氷冷酒，一点，两点，三点；•丁香花，百头，千头，萬头。•人曾为僧，人弗可以成佛。•女卑为婢，女又何妨称奴。–ThemanwhohasbeenamonkcannotbecomeaBuddha.–Thegirlwhoisabondmaidmaybecalledaslave.–ABuddhistcannotbudinaBuddha.–AMaidenmaybemadeahousemaid.–•米的妈妈是谁？是花，因为花生米。•米的爸爸是谁？是蝶，因为蝶恋花。•米的姥姥是谁？是爆米花，因为既抱过米又抱过花。•Who’srice’smother?It’sflower,becauseflowergivesbirthtorice.•Who’srice’sfather?It’sbutterfly,becausebutterflylovesflower.•Who’srice’sgrandma?It’spopcorn,becausepopcornhasbroughtupbothriceandflower.2.2Loanwords•…goingvegetarianandrepeating‘Ommanipadmehum’ahundredtimesbetweeneachbiteoflettuce.•……茹素并每吃一口生菜就重复“唵嘛呢叭呢吽”一百遍。•（“唵嘛呢叭呢吽”为藏传佛教的六字真言，是最为尊崇的一句祈福咒语。）OriginallyaLatinlegaltermfor“aconditionwithoutwhichitcouldnotbe”•FrommorethantwocenturiesafterthefoundingofHarvardCollegein1636,theinstructionofundergraduatestudentswasthesinequanonofAmericanhighereducation.•自1636年哈佛学院建立以来的两百多年间，对大学本科生的教育是美国高等教育中不可或缺的组成部分。•3.1Puns/Homograph（语义双关）•Ataweddingamanloseshisbachelor’sdegreeandawomanwinshermaster’s.–(differentmeaningsof“bachelor”and“master”)•Whichrunsfaster,coldorheat?•Heat,becausepeoplecancatchcold.–(differentmeaningsof“catch”)3.RhetoricalDevices3.2Alliteration,rhymeandrhythm•alliteration•Heisallfireandfight.•他怒气冲冲，来势汹汹。•Hedescribedtheclaimasacompositeoffantasy,fallacyandfiction.•他把这种要求描述成“虚幻、虚妄和虚构”的混合物。rhyme•Forneverwasastoryofmorewoe•ThanthisofJulietandherRomeo.(Shakespeare)•人间的故事不能比这个更悲惨，•像幽丽叶和她的柔密欧所受的灾难。（曹禺译）•古往今来多少离合悲欢，•谁曾见这样的哀怨辛酸！（朱生豪译）无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。Leavesaredroppingdownlikethesprayofawaterfall,WhileIwatchthelongriveralwaysrollingon.---byWitterBynnerThroughendlessSpacewithrustlingsoundThefallingleavesarewhirled-around.BeyondmykneeayeastyseaTheYangtze’swavesarerollingfree.---byW.J.B.FletcherTheboundlessforestshedsitsleavesshowerbyshower;Theendlessriverrollsitswavehourafterhour.---by许渊冲3.3palindrome(回文)–Madam,I’mAdam.–Sir,I’mIris.–IfIhadaHi-fi.–Niagara,Oroaragain!–上海自来水来自海上–黄山落叶松叶落山黄Translationofpalindromes•AblewasIereIsawElba–我在看到厄尔巴岛之前曾是强有力的。（钱歌川）–不见棺材不掉泪–不到厄岛我不倒（许渊冲）–若非孤岛孤非弱–落败孤岛孤败落（马红军）3.4镶字周天风云浪翻飞，恩光冲空电波随。来自五洲悲痛语，同汇四海波涛泪。志壮气烈西安急，名清高贵红岩威。千年俊杰化英灵，古今中外汗青碑。FatherAndMotherILoveYou3.5数字诗(poemswithnumbers)描绘自然风光景物•一去二三里，一花一柳一鱼矶。•烟村四五家，一抹斜阳一鸟飞。•楼台六七座，一山一水中一寺。•八九十枝花，一林黄叶一僧归。咏雪诗•一片一片又一片，•两片三片四五片，•六七八片九十片，•飞入芦花都不见。middleagedcoupleplayingten-niswhenthegameendsandtheygohomethenetwillstillbebe-tweenthem中年夫妇打着网球打完回家两人之间仍然隔着球网中年夫妇打网球打完后回家走球网依旧把人分左右3.6视觉诗40-love40-0四十岁的爱情4.CulturalAspects•4.1Culturally-loadedwordsSheisacat.她是个心地恶毒/包藏祸心的女人。raincatsanddogsacat-and-doglife•4.2Idioms•三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。–Twoheadsarebetterthanone.–Threecobblerswiththeirwitscombined,EqualZhugeLiangthegeniusmind.（钱钟书译）•4.3Two-partallegoricalsaying(歇后语)–他必审问我，我给他个“徐庶进曹营---一语不发”。（《骆驼祥子》）–HeissuretoaskquestionsbutI’llholdmytonguetobeginwith.•4.4Customs•Hehadbeenfaithfultothefourteen-year-oldVicar’sdaughterwhomhehadworshippedonhiskneesbuthadneverledtothealtar.–他一直忠于十四岁的牧师女儿。他曾经拜倒在她的石榴裙下，但始终没有同她结婚。Untranslatability•Linguisticdifferences–Eachlanguagehasitsuniqueconfigurationofgrammar,vocabularyandmetaphor.•Culturaldifferences–Eachcultureisspecialinhistory,socialsystems,physicalenvironment,religion,customs,etc.Translatability•Commoncoreoftranslatability–Similaritiessharedbyhumankind–Commonnessamongalllanguages–Similarphasesofdevelopmentincivilization–InternationalizationHowto?•Itisnecessarytomakeappropriatecompromiseandcompensationintheprocessoftransl