1某露天式压力钢管,管径D=3m,跨中断面最大静水头0H=62m。水锤压力00.3HH,钢管允许应力[]127.5MPa,焊缝系数0.95,若将允许应力降低20%。试确定管壁厚度,并验算是否应设刚性环?若其钢管轴向倾角030,求径向水压力在此非钢性环断面的管壁顶点(00)和水平轴线(2)处的环向应力?解:(1)3369.8110(620.362)312.210122[]0.820.95127.5100.8HDmmm计214mm计实构造要求:(a)D3000447.75mm800800+=+=(b)6mm最后取管壁厚度14mm实(2)是否应设刚性环?D300023mm12(,2mm)130130mm计计==注:用不考虑的裕度故需设刚性环。(3)环向应力(1-1断面)13060(coscos)9.81101.5(80.61.5cos30cos)()0.0121.22610(80.61.299cos)()97.223(0)98.816()2rHrPaPaMPaMPa2某电站采用露天式压力钢管,跨中断面最大作用水头为80.6m(包括水击压力),钢管直径D=3m,管厚16mm,若其管轴线与地面夹角030,法向均布力(垂直管轴线)83.7/qkNm水+管,支墩间距L=10m。求(1)是否需设钢性环?(2)管截面顶点由径向水压力产生的环向应力?(3)由法向力在管壁顶点产生的轴向应力?解:(1)30002314130130Dmmmm计故需设刚性环。(2)管截面顶点由径向水压力产生的环向应力1300(coscos)9.81101.5(80.61.5cos30cos0)()0.01483.351rHrPaMPa(3)由法向力在管壁顶点产生的轴向应力2183.71083710MkNm3022283710coscos08.4623.141.50.014xMMPar3某引水式水电站设有三台冲击式水轮机,单管单机供水,N单=3200kW,试根据下面资料对机组丢弃全部负荷时进行水锤计算(判断水锤类型并计算其值)。已知管长500m,直径0.85m,管壁厚度s=14mm,管末端中心线设计水头250m,设计流量1.6m3/s,机组总的关闭时间5.3秒,采用明钢管,[]=0.3,[]=0.5,wE=2.1×105N/cm2,sE=2.1×105N/mm2。思路:(1)判断是直接水锤还是间接水锤?(2)若是间接水锤,继续判断是第一相水锤还是末相水锤?解:(1)计算水锤波速56103s22E2.110100.014=1.6310/0.852sKNmr5410/14351132.3/222.11010110.851.63102wwEgramsEKr(2)判断水锤类型22500=0.881132.3rLTsa水锤计算直接水锤间接水锤第一相末相水=0.70.75.33.71szTTs因为srTT,故发生间接水锤。(3)判断间接水锤类型2001.61132.30.8540.65229.81250avgH00.6510.651故产生第一相水锤。(4)计算第一相水锤值2max01.65000.8540.1559.812503.71sLvgHT10220.1550.207(0.5)110.650.155注:小于,可用近似公式10H=0.20725051.75Hm4某水电站装有冲击式水轮机,静水头0100Hm,采用简单管,管长L=400m,阀门全开时,管道流速03.5/vms,水锤波速a=1000m/s,(1)阀门有效关闭时间0.5sTs,求最大水锤压力;(2)如果阀门的有效关闭时间延长到3.2sTs,求最大水锤压力(开度依直线规律变化,用近似公式)。解:(1)(a)判断水锤类型22400=0.81000rLTsa因为srTT,故发生直接水锤。(b)计算最大水锤值01000()(3.50)356.89.81aHvvgm(2)(a)判断水锤类型22400=0.81000rLTsa因为3.2srTsT,故发生间接水锤。(b)判断是第一相水锤还是末相水锤0010003.51.78229.81100avgH01.7811.781.5故产生末相水锤。(c)计算末相水锤值max04003.50.4469.811003.2sLvgHT220.4460.574220.446m00.57410057.4mHHm5简单引水式水电站,采用简单圆筒式调压室,引水隧洞长950m,断面15m2,Q=46.2m3/s,0.012~0.016n引水道,水头损失62262025110193000010whQnQ,压力管道水头损失062262T37910146000010whQnQ,0.011~0.012n压力管道,水库上游最高水位189.3m,死水位182.0m,尾水位124.0m,尾水位最高124.8m,最低122.5m,若取安全系数1.1,求调压室断面面积。思路:关键在于求00w02(3)kwTLfFgHhh解:(1)水头损失计算(a)引水道的水头损失62262062262251101930000102511046.219300000.0121046.21.13whQnQm(b)压力管道的水头损失062262T62262379101460000103791046.214600000.0121046.21.26whQnQm(c)求引水道的阻力系数0221.130.11946.215whv(2)计算水头0182.0124.857.2Hm(3)计算调压室临界断面020w095015116.72(3)20.1199.81(57.21.1331.26)kwTLfFmgHhh(4)计算调压室断面面积21.11.1116.7128.37kFFm6某引水道洞长500m,直径4m,最大流量25.12m3/s,0.014~0.018n引水道,局部水头损失系数之和0.8,隧洞末端设一简单圆筒式调压室,调压室之后的压力管道的最大水头损失为0.9m,若上游最高水位250m,最低水位200m,下游水位150m。求小波动时,调压室所需最小稳定断面面积(安全系数取1.1)。解:(1)计算水头020015050Hm(2)求引水道总阻力系数224/34/30.0145000.80.139(1)2129.84nLDRRmRg注:为水力半径,(3)计算引水道的水头损失22w0225.120.1390.55644hvm(4)由题意知,压力管道的水头损失为00.9wThm(5)计算调压室临界断面0220w05004449.32(3)20.1399.81500.55630.9kwTLfFmgHhh(6)调压室所需最小稳定断面面积(设计断面)21.11.149.354.2kFFm且000T500.5560.91.456m33wHhwhm=故调压室所需的最小稳定断面面积为54.2m2。