HND商务通讯ICT

1.0ThenatureoftheinformationThispictureshowsthatdifferentlevels(Strategic,Tactical,Operational)havemanydifferencesoncontent,responsbility,aimsaboutinformationandsoon.Strategicmanagersisthemostseniormanagementoftheorganization.Thesemanagersareinvolvedintheformulationofstrategies,andtheTacticalmanageristhemiddlemanagers,whichareresponsibleforensuringthatthegoalsofstrategicmanagementareachieved.Operationalmanagersarethefirstlineofmanagementresponsiblefortheday-to-dayrunningofeachdepartment.Strategicmanagersisthemostseniormanagementoftheorganization,theydeveloplong-termplanninganddevelopmentpoliciesandstrategies.Theyusetheirownjudgmenttomakeacomplexdecision,thewiderangeofinformation,externalinformationandmoreinternal,thislevelisalwaysdealingwithunstructuredissues.Intheoutside,theyaresubjecttopolicy,theinternationalsituation,theimpactofindustrycompetition,intheinternal,theyaresubjecttomarketresearchreports,theimpactofproductivity.StrategicTacticalOperationalLowHighResponsibilityTacticalmanagerisresponsibleforthemedium-termplanning,andsometimestheyareresponsibleforthebudgetcontrol,monitoring,developbusinesspolicies/objectives,accesstoresources,tosolvetheproblem,anddevelopnewmethods.Theyhavemoreinternal,lessexternal,theydecidedtoaffectsomepeople,butnotallofthecompanies.Theyshouldfollowthefactsandstatisticsofthestatisticsorhistoricalinformation,andrelyontheirownjudgment,thedecisionofthetacticalmanagementislikelytobeasemistructured.OperationalManagerareresponsibleforsomebasicproblems,suchasregularactivities,monitoring,ensuringtheeffectiveuseofresources,staffinglevels,butalsotosolvestructuraloptimizationproblems.Operationalmanagersconsiderinternalfactors:supplierandtraininginformation.Externalfactors:attendance,vacation,equipment.2.0InformationSystem2.1Strategic2.1.1ESSExecutiveSupportSystem(ESS)isareportingtoolwhichallowstoturnorganization‘sdataintousefulsummarizedreports.Thesereportsaregenerallyusedbyexecutivelevelmanagersforquickaccesstoreportscomingfromallcompanylevelsanddepartmentssuchasbilling,costaccounting,staffingscheduling,andmore.Itiseasytouse,anditrelyonmathematicalmodeling,Itprovideinformationinasummarizedformat.ESSoftenhelpsthecompany'sstrategicmanagementassessmentreporttotheDepartmentquickly.Itprovidesaflowofinformation.Ithelpsmanagerstoquicklymakeplansbyprovidinginformationaboutit.ESScentralizedordecentralizedbase,whichcanprovidealllevelsofvaluableinformationmanagementtothecompany.2.2Tactical2.2.1MISManagementInformationSystem(MIS)providesinformationthatorganizationsrequiretomanagethemselvesefficientlyandeffectively.Itcollectsandpresentsmanagementinformationtoabusinessinordertofacilitateitscontrol.Managementinformationsysteminvolvefourprimaryresources:EDPS,analysis,decisionmaking,anddatabase.MIScanhelpleveltacticalplanning,organization,command,coordinationandcontrol.Itcanreducetheriskanduncertaintyofdecisionmaking.Managementinformationsystemscanhelpmakesomesalesdecisions,suchastargetedmarketsegmentationshouldbe,orsomeproductdecisions,inmostcases,adecisionisrequired,becauseitcanhelpmanagerstosolvespecificproblems.2.3Operational2.3.1TPSTransactionprocessingisastyleofcomputingthatdividesworkintoindividual,indivisibleoperations,calledtransactions.ATransactionProcessingSystem(TPS)ortransactionserverisasoftwaresystem,orsoftware/hardwarecombination,thatsupportstransactionprocessing.Transactionprocessingsystemconsistofcomputerhardwareandsoftwarehostingatransaction-orientedapplicationthatperformstheroutinetransactionsnecessarytoconductbusiness.TPScanhelpcompaniessolvebusinessdecisions.Itcanmeettheneedsofdailyinformation,suchassales,inventoryandpayment.CollecttheinformationfromTPS,andthecompanycanproducemoreprofitforthecompany'sproducts.3.0Theimplicationsofcurrentlegislationfordecisionmaking3.1TheDataProtectionAct1998DataProtectionAct(DPA)istheactoftheUnitedKingdomParliamentontherightoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandtodefinetheidentityoftheUnitedKingdomoflawontheidentityofthelivingpersondataprocessing.InBritain,itisthemainregulationsfortheprotectionofpersonaldata.Althoughthebillitselfdoesnotmentiontheprivacy,itisthroughtheBritishlawintotheEUdataprotectiondirective1995,theDirectiverequiresMemberStatestoprotectthebasicrightsandfreedoms,inparticulartheirprivacy,personaldataprocessing.ThebillwillbetheUnitedKingdom'slawisdefinedastheidentificationofbiologicaldataprocessing.Governmentprocurementandpersonalorcorporateinformation,mustcomplywiththelawsandproceduresofdataprotection,andtominimizeduplicationofcollection.DataprotectionlawrequiresthatMemberStatestoprotectthebasicrightsandfreedomsofthepeople,inparticulartherighttoprivacyofpersonaldataprocessing.Inordertoensurethelegitimacyofthecollectedinformation,thepurposeandthescientificprocessofcollectinglegitimacyiscollected.Example,CrownCateringServicescompanyshouldusethisbehavior.Itcanbetterprotecttheenterprisedataandinformation,reduceenterpriserisk.Forexample,theestablishmentofthecompanydatabase.Differentlevelsofstaffthroughdifferentinformationtoobtai