北京科技研究生英语unit2 when ancient artifact

Unit2WhenAncientArtifactsBecomePoliticalPawnsTheFourGreatAncientCivilizationsAncientEgyptAncientChinaAncientIndiaAncientBabylonSevenwondersoftheancientworld1.埃及吉萨金字塔TheGreatPyramidofGiza2500BCApproximate-Egyptians2.奥林匹亚宙斯巨像StatueofZeusatOlympia435BC-Greeks-DestroyedByFire3.阿泰密斯神庙TempleofArtemisatEphesus550BC-Anatolians-DestroyedByFire356BC4.摩索拉斯基陵墓MausoleumofHalicarnassus315BC-HellenizedCarians-DestroyedInEarthquake5.亚历山大灯塔LighthouseofAlexandria3rdCenturyBC-HellenisticCivilization–DestroyedInEarthquake6.巴比伦空中花园HangingGardensofBabylon600BC-Babylonians-DestroyedInEarthquake7.罗德岛巨像ColossusofRhodes292-280BC-HellenisticCivilization-Destroyed224BCinEarthquakeBackgroundKnowledgeMichaelKimmelmanisanauthorandthechiefartcriticandacolumnistfortheNewYorkTimes.HewasbornandraisedinGreenwichVillage(NewYorkCity,thesonofaphysicianandcivilrightsactivist.Hegraduatedsummacumlaude（享有最高荣誉）fromYaleCollegeandreceivedhisgraduatedegreeinarthistoryfromHarvardUniversity.Aclassicalpianist,whostillperforms,hestartedasamusiccriticatthepaper,thenmovedintoart.NefertitiNefertiti:(14thcenturyB.C.)QueenofEgyptandwifeofAkhenaton/ɑ:kə’nɑ:tən/(ruled1352-1336B.C.).SheisknownforherportraitbustfoundatTellel-Amarna,theking’snewcapital.ShemayhavebeenanAsianprincessfromMitanni(米坦尼王国).SheappearswithAkhenatoninreliefsatTellel-AmarnaandfollowedhisnewcultofthesungodAton.Ofhersixdaughters,twobecamequeensofEgypt.Inthe12thyearofAkhenaton’sreign,sheeitherretiredafterlosingfavorordied.78Arguably,tothosewhoarenotveryinvolvedinthestudyofancientEgypt,QueenNefertitiisperhapsbetterknownthanherhusband,theheretic(异教徒，持异端者)kingAkhenaten(AmenhotepIV).Itissaidthatevenintheancientworld,herbeautywasfamous,andherfamousstatue,foundinasculptor'sworkshop,isnotonlyoneofthemostrecognizableiconsofancientEgypt,butalsothetopicofsomemoderncontroversy.Shewasmorethanaprettyfacehowever,forsheseemstohavetakenahitherto(到目前为止)unprecedentedlevelofimportanceintheAmarnaperiodofEgypt’s18thDynasty.Inartwork,herstatusisevidentandindicatesthatshehadalmostasmuchinfluenceasherhusband.Forexample,sheisdepictednearlytwiceasofteninreliefs（浮雕）asherhusband,atleastduringthefirstfiveyearsofhisreign.Indeed,sheisonceevenshownintheconventionalposeofapharaohsmiting（打）his(orinthiscase,her)enemy.1112NeuesMuseumNeuesMuseum:(“NewMuseum”)AmuseuminBerlin,Germany,locatedtothenorthofAltesMuseum(OldMuseum)onMuseumIsland.Itwasbuiltbetween1843and1855accordingtoplansbyFriedrichAugustStüler,astudentofKarlFriedrichSchinkel.ThemuseumwasclosedatthebeginningofWorldWarIIin1939,andwasheavilydamagedduringthebombingofBerlin.TherebuildingwasoverseenbytheEnglisharchitectDavidChipperfield.ThemuseumofficiallyreopenedinOctober2009.ExhibitsincludetheEgyptianandPrehistoryandEarlyHistorycollections,asitdidbeforethewar.TheartifactsithousesincludetheiconicbustoftheEgyptianqueenNefertiti.14OldMuseum15TheNeuesMuseumisoneofacollectionofimpressiveneo-classicalbuildingsonMuseumIslandincentralBerlin.161718OntheNewMuseum'sopeningweekend--Oct.17and18--entrywasfreeandvisitorsqueuedforanaverageoftwoandahalfhourstogetinandsee,amongotherthings,thebustofNefertiti.19ThecolossalEgyptianstatueofthesungodHeliosstandsinaroomy（宽敞的）corneroftheNeuesMuseum.20HerearethehandsfromajointstatueofAkenathenandNefertiti,fromaround1350B.C.,exhibitedattheNeuesMuseum.21TheEgyptiancourt,partoftheNeuesMuseum.22Theceremonialgoldhat,knownastheBerlinHatisanotherfamousartifactheldattheNeuesMuseum.23Egypt’schiefarchaeologist,ZahiHawass扎希·哈瓦斯(para.2)ZahiHawassatthePyramidsofGiza2425FaroukHosnyFaroukHosny(orHosni,born1938inAlexandria)isanEgyptianabstractpainterwhowasappointedin1987tohiscurrentpositionofMinisterofCulture.Duringhistenure,heexpandedstate-runexhibitionspacesandinitiatedvariousculturalprograms,includingtheHorizonOneGallery,thePalaceofArts,GeziraArtsCenter,AlexandriaCenterofArts,theModernDanceTroupeandSchool,theCairoHistoryRehabilitationProject(whichincludedanumberofJewishsynagogues),theNubianMuseuminAswanandtheAlexandriaNationalMuseumandtheCulturalDevelopmentFund.26FaroukHosnyIn2005,HosnytenderedhisresignationtoPresidentHosniMubarakinthewakeoftheBeniSuefCulturalPalacefire,inwhich48spectatorswerekilledandmoreinjured.MubarakrejectedHosny’sresignation,inresponsetothepleasofsome400high-profileintellectuals.OnJuly30,2007,EgyptnominatedHosnytosucceedKoichiroMatsuuraasDirector-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)andbeganacampaigntohavehimelectedtotheposition.NoArabhadpreviouslyheldtheposition.HosnywasregardedascertaintowintheSeptember2009election,buthisMay2008pledgetoburnIsraelbooksinEgyptianlibrariessparkeddoubtsabouthissuitabilityforthepositionandstrengthenedoppositiontohiscandidacy.27FaroukHosnyDespitetheopposition,Hosnywasstillexpectedtowinbyalargemargin,receivingpledgesofsupportfromtheArabLeague,theOrganizationofAfricanUnityandtheOrganizationoftheIslamicConference.OnSeptember22,2009,HosnylosttheUNESCOelectioninastunningupsetinthefifthandfinalroundofvotingtoBulgaria’sIrinaBokova,whoreceived31votestoHosny’s27.